How Are Organic Compounds Named

Organic compounds are named systematically using International 

Union of Pure and Applied Chemistiy (lUPAC) rules. 

Number of Carbons Name Number of Carbons Name 

In Chapter 2, we encountered the names of some simple, straight- 

To name substituted alkanes (i.e., those that have substituents, which are groups other than -H bonded to the carbons of the chain), we follow a series of steps  

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How are organic compounds named Long ago, the name of a compound was often based on the plant or animal source from which it was obtained. For example, the name for formic acid, a caustic compound isolated from certain ants, comes from the Latin word formica, meaning ant and alli-cin, the pungent principal of garlic, is derived from the botanical name for garlic. Allium sativum. 

How Are Electrons in Orbitals Represented 324 How Are Organic Compounds Named 368... 

Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that are based on carbon. Natural gas, rubbing alcohol, aspirin, and the compounds that give fragrance to a rose, are all organic compounds. In this chapter, you will learn how to identify and name molecules from the basic families of organic compounds. You will be introduced to the shape, structure, and properties of different types of organic compounds. 

In this section, you reviewed how to name and draw alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. You also learned how to name aromatic hydrocarbons. The names of all the other organic compounds you will encounter in this unit are based on the names of hydrocarbons. In the next section, you will learn about organic compounds that have single bonds to halogen atoms, oxygen atoms, and nitrogen atoms. 

In general, organic compounds are given systematic names by using the order prefix-parent-suffix, where prefix indicates how many branching groups are present, parent indicates how many carbons are in the longest chain and suffix indicates the name of the family. Common names as weU as systematic names are used for alkanes and their derivatives. However, it is advisable to use systematic names or the lUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) nomenclature, which can be derived from a simple set of rules. 

Another important class of organic compounds that we shall meet frequently, even in the early chapters of the text, are the carboxylic acids. These compounds are characterized by the carboxyl group, — COOH (7). As their names suggest, these compounds are acids. The most common example is acetic acid, CH3COOH (8 formally, ethanoic acid), the acid that gives vinegar its sharp taste. Another simple carboxylic acid is formic acid, HCOOH (9 formally, methanoic acid), the acid of ant venom. Note how the systematic (formal) names of the carboxylic acids are derived from the parent hydrocarbons (ethane and methane, respectively) by adding -anoic acid as a suffix to the stems eth- and meth-. 

The IUPAC system for naming organic compounds is very logical and thorough. The rules for naming alkanes are the basis for naming the other organic compounds that you will study. Therefore it is important that you understand how to name alkanes. 

Hydrocarbons are compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. Not only are hydrocarbons important in themselves, but they are the foundation of all the other classes of organic compounds. We must learn how to name and write formulas for the hydrocarbons and learn a few of their simple reactions. The number of such compounds is almost uncountable because carbon atoms can bond to other carbon atoms in seemingly limitless numbers. (An eight-carbon chain is shown in Figure 20.1. Compounds with extremely long chains are discussed in... 

Note that Examples 10-14 above show how one may easily name transition metal compounds that have been named as acids in the past. Names such as permanganic acid, dichromic acid, etc., are not included in the present recommendations because they represent an area where it is difficult to systematize and decide what to include, and where the names are not needed for organic nomenclature, as opposed to the corresponding acid names for acids of main group elements. 

By now, you might be confused about how organic compounds are named. Figure 8 explains the system that is used to name simple organic compounds. 

PREFIXES The prefix of the name for an organic compound describes how the carbon atoms in the compound are arranged. Organic molecules that have names with the prefix cyc/o- contain a ring of carbon atoms. For example, cyclopentane contains five carbon atoms all joined by single bonds in a ring. 

For ventilation systems a separate study named AIRLESS was performed [30,55]. Experiments were performed to investigate why, when and how the components of HVAC systems pollute or are the reason for pollution. Different combinations of temperature, relative humidity, airflow and pollution in passing air were investigated. Measurements of perceived air quality, particles, chemical compounds (such as very volatile organic compounds and aldehydes) and biological compounds were selected for each component. The most polluting components of HVAC systems were studied in the laboratory and in the field. The perceived air quality or odour intensity was in most cases measured with a trained sensory panel, according to the protocol developed for the AIRLESS project (Sect. 3.2). 

Organic compounds typically have complex struetural formulas that consist of chains, branches, and/or rings of earbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms and, often, to atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, and a few other elements. At this point, we ll see how the simplest organic compounds are named. Mueh more on the rules of organie nomenelature appears in Chapter 15. 

In this section, we dissect one group of compounds down to their skeletons and see how to name and draw them. Hydrocarbons, the simplest type of organic compound, are a large group of substances containing only H and C atoms. Some common fuels, such as natural gas and gasoline, are hydrocarbon mixtures. Hydrocarbons are also important feedstocks, precursor reactants used to make other compounds. Ethylene, acetylene, and benzene, for example, are feedstocks for hundreds of other substances. 

The main classes of compounds that are synthesized by the reactions you will study in Chapters 3-11 are alkanes, alkyl halides, ethers, alcohols, and amines. As you learn how to synthesize compounds, you will need to be able to refer to them by name, so you will begin your study of organic chemistry by learning how to name these five classes of compounds. 

Alkanes arc ihe simpicsi class of organic compounds. For this reason, it is convcnicnl lo use alkanes lo illusiraie. several new topics that will later be found 10 be generally applicable lo the other compound classes, too. These topics, as prescnied in this chapter, are (I) how to name organic molecules (nomenclature),... 

Chiral Carbons Many organic compounds have more than one chiral carbon. For each chiral carbon in a compound, a pair of stereoisomers can exist. The total number of possible isomers for the compound is equal to 2", where n is the number of chiral carbons. Draw each structure, and determine how many stereoisomers are possible for each compound named below. 

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