Naming organic compounds aromatic

Aromatic substances, more than any other class of organic compounds, have acquired a large number of nonsystematic names. The use of such names is discouraged, but 1UPAC rules allow for some of the more widely used ones to be retained (Table 15.1). Thus, methylbenzene is known commonly as toluene hydroxybenzene, as phenol ami nobenzene, as aniline and so on. 

In this section, you reviewed how to name and draw alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. You also learned how to name aromatic hydrocarbons. The names of all the other organic compounds you will encounter in this unit are based on the names of hydrocarbons. In the next section, you will learn about organic compounds that have single bonds to halogen atoms, oxygen atoms, and nitrogen atoms. 

Elforts have been made to characterize the nature and content of individual components that are present in the low-molecular-mass fraction of the total mill effluents, which include the spent chlorination and alkali extraction stage liquors [2,4]. Approximately 456 types of compounds have been detected in the conventional bleach effluents, of which 330 are chlorinated organic compounds [22]. The compounds may be lumped into three main groups, namely, acidic, phenolic, and neutral (Table 2). Acidic compounds are further divided into the five categories of acids fatty, resin, hydroxy, dibasic, and aromatic acids. The most important fatty acids are formic and acetic acids. The dominant resin acids are abietic and dehydroabietic acids. Among the hydroxy acids identified, glyceric acid predominates. Dibasic acids such as oxalic, malonic, succinic, and mafic acids are derived from the lignin and carbohydrate fraction... 

Many amines, like other organic compounds, are known by their common names. Their lUPAC names follow that of naming of alcohols, but the ending amine is used. A common practice is to list the names of the groups attached to the nitrogen followed by the ending amine. Thus, CHj-NH would be methylamine. The simplest aromatic is called aniline ... 

MacFarlane et al. [7] have investigated the extraction of polar organic compounds (acids, alcohols, and functionalized aromatic compounds) into nine hydrophobic ILs, namely, [C4CiIm][PFg] [C4QIm][Tf2N], [CgCiIm][Tf2N],... 

Molecular representations and functional groups in organic compounds, (a) Different ways to represent the structures of aliphatic and aromatic compounds, (b) Some important functional groups attached to organic skeletons, and the corresponding names of organic compounds. 

The nomenclature of the aromatic aldehydes is somewhat confusing because in the past a number of different conventions were used in the naming of organic compounds. While some, such as cyclamen aldehyde, and vanillin, are usually referred to by their common names, others are referred to either by a single chemical name or by a number of different chemical synonyms. 

Shown here are a few of the many aromatic organic compounds that have practical uses. The common names of these compounds are used more frequently than their formal names. 

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