Organic acid succinic acid

The gases evolved in sauerkraut are mainly carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. The organic acids, succinic acid, acetic acid in addition to lactic acid are formed. However, lactic acid is the main acid formed. 

Starch Amy lose Amylopectin Proteins Organic acids Citric acid Malic acid Succinic acid Fumaric acid Minerals... 

The selenophene ring may be acylated by acyl chlorides under Friedel-Crafts conditions7 63 by acid anhydrides in the presence of 85% phosphoric acid64 and by organic silicoanhydrides (tetraacyloxy-silanes) in the presence of stannic chloride.65-67 When acylated by silicoanhydrides of dibasic organic acids (succinic, adipic, azelaic, or... 

Amino Acids. As is true of organic acids, amino acids can either prevent inactivation of thylakoids by freezing or they can aggravate the situation. Some of them, for instance glycine, serine, glutamate, or aspartate, promote injury if present as the only major solutes during freezing. However, the same amino acids can be protective if certain other solutes are also present (58). The reason for this behavior, which is also observed with succinate, will be considered later. 

Berzelius says he used symbols (some forms of which had always been employed in chemistry) to facilitate the expression of chemical proportions, to show briefly and clearly the number of elementary volumes in each compound, and to assist the memory. He used contracted symbols for the radicals of organic compounds succinic acid H C O = S tartaric acid H C O =T (both the anhydrides). In 1837 he added the numbers of atoms of carbon and hydrogen to the contracted symbol of a radical, acetyl C H is A, etc. ... 

Place 0.050 g of one of the solids (benzoic acid, succinic acid, or sodium benzoate) into a 5-mL conical vial. Add 2.0 mL of methylene chloride and 2.0 mL of water to the vial. Cap the vial and shake it as described in Experiment 4A for about 1 minute. Check for undissolved solid. Continue shaking the vial until all the solid is dissolved. After the layers have separated, transfer the bottom organic layer to another vial or a small test tube. 

In addition to organic macromolecules a few other classes of chemical compounds can be described as chain systems. In many organic crystals moleciiles crystallize as chains formed by intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Solid formic and acetic acid, succinic acid,... 

Environmental Aspects. Airborne particulate matter (187) and aerosol (188) samples from around the world have been found to contain a variety of organic monocarboxyhc and dicarboxyhc acids, including adipic acid. Traces of the acid found ia southern California air were related both to automobile exhaust emission (189) and, iadirecfly, to cyclohexene as a secondary aerosol precursor (via ozonolysis) (190). Dibasic acids (eg, succinic acid) have been found even ia such unlikely sources as the Murchison meteorite (191). PubHc health standards for adipic acid contamination of reservoir waters were evaluated with respect to toxicity, odor, taste, transparency, foam, and other criteria (192). BiodegradabiUty of adipic acid solutions was also evaluated with respect to BOD/theoretical oxygen demand ratio, rate, lag time, and other factors (193). 

Other preparative routes iaclude hydrogenation of succinonitdle in the presence of methylamine and hydrogenation of solutions of maleic or succinic acid and methylamine (82,83). Properties are Hsted in Table 3. l-Meth5i-2-pyrrohdinone is completely miscible with water, lower alcohols, lower ketones, ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and benzene. It is moderately soluble in aUphatic hydrocarbons and dissolves many organic and inorganic compounds. 

Physical properties of the acid and its anhydride are summarized in Table 1. Other references for more data on specific physical properties of succinic acid are as follows solubiUty in water at 278.15—338.15 K (12) water-enhanced solubiUty in organic solvents (13) dissociation constants in water—acetone (10 vol %) at 30—60°C (14), water—methanol mixtures (10—50 vol %) at 25°C (15,16), water—dioxane mixtures (10—50 vol %) at 25°C (15), and water—dioxane—methanol mixtures at 25°C (17) nucleation and crystal growth (18—20) calculation of the enthalpy of formation using semiempitical methods (21) enthalpy of solution (22,23) and enthalpy of dilution (23). For succinic anhydride, the enthalpies of combustion and sublimation have been reported (24). 

Several procedures for making glutaric acid have been described in Organic Syntheses starting with trimethylene cyanide (28), methylene bis (malonic acid) (29), y-butyrolactone (30), and dihydropyran (31). Oxidation of cyclopentane with air at 140° and 2.7 MPa (400 psi) gives cyclopentanone and cyclopentanol, which when oxidized further with nitric acid at 65—75° gives mixtures of glutaric acid and succinic acid (32). 

In 1932 Krebs was studying the rates of oxidation of small organic acids by kidney and liver tissue. Only a few substances were active in these experiments —notably succinate, fumarate, acetate, malate, and citrate (Figure 20.2). Later it was found that oxaloacetate could be made from pyruvate in such tissues, and that it could be further oxidized like the other dicarboxylic acids. 

The theory of titrations between weak acids and strong bases is dealt with in Section 10.13, and is usually applicable to both monoprotic and polyprotic acids (Section 10.16). But for determinations carried out in aqueous solutions it is not normally possible to differentiate easily between the end points for the individual carboxylic acid groups in diprotic acids, such as succinic acid, as the dissociation constants are too close together. In these cases the end points for titrations with sodium hydroxide correspond to neutralisation of all the acidic groups. As some organic acids can be obtained in very high states of purity, sufficiently sharp end points can be obtained to justify their use as standards, e.g. benzoic acid and succinic acid (Section 10.28). The titration procedure described in this section can be used to determine the relative molecular mass (R.M.M.) of a pure carboxylic acid (if the number of acidic groups is known) or the purity of an acid of known R.M.M. 

The synthesis of porphyrins from dipyrrylmethenes was first developed by Fischer42 and his collaborators. Different variants of this method are available. For the preparation of centrosym-metric porphyrins 7, the self-condensation of 5-bromo-5 -methyldipyrrylmethene hydrobromides or perbromides 6 in organic acid melts like succinic acid, tartaric acid or formic acid at temperatures up to 200 °C can be used. 

Table 5.1 Example of organic acids produced commercially by micro-organisms organic adds considered in this chapter are labelled with. A related add, a-oxoglutaric acid, is easy to produce microbiologically but has no current end use succinic acid is produced chemically. Amino adds are beyond the scope of this chapter.

The preferred catalysts are salts of inorganic and organic acids as well as tertiary amines. Phthalic anhydride, succinic anhydride and maleic anhydride are typical acid anhydrides, while ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin and phenyl glycidyl ether are typical epoxides. The synthesis of a ladder polymer was carried out by using bisanhydrides264. ... 

The effect of some organic acids on the exchange in perchlorate media has been investigated Fumaric , benzoic and o-phthalic acids have been shown to cause little or no alteration in the rate, whereas acetic, succinic, carbolic, oxalic and tartaric acids have an accelerating influence. The isotopic method ( Fe) and the 2,2 -dipyridyl separation have been used. The rate law observed was ... 

This is the decarboxylation of a (3-keto acid which undergoes smoothly even in the absence of an enzyme. Thus, it can be said that the mother nature utilizes an organic reaction with a low activation energy. The second step of the decarboxylation is the conversion of a-ketoglutaric acid to succinic acid (Fig. 3). This is the same type of reaction as the decarboxylation of pyruvic acid. 

Bacteria and fungi can produce a wide variety of organic acids (e.g., formic, acetic, or succinic), which may initiate or accelerate corrosion. Some bacteria produce mineral acids, which are extremely corrosive. 

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