Orchard and Vineyard Insect Pests

Population control by mass trapping in low populations has been demonstrated for the redbanded leafroller (RBLR), Argyrotaenia velut-inana, in apple orchards and vineyards, and for the grapeberry moth (GBM), Paralobesia viteana, in vineyards. However it was concluded that the benefits relative to cost could not justify this means of control, and research was diverted to mating disruption programs. 

Microencapsulated and hollow fiber formulations of the pheromone were shown to disrupt mating of both the RBLR and the GBM (578). However attempts to disrupt mating for the complex of moth pests were less successful improved formulations with better control of release rates of individual components are needed. Tumlinson et al. (579) and Roelofs (580) have dealt with the problems involved in manipulating complexes of insect pests. Roelofs and Card6 (21) have analyzed communication systems and their disruption by pheromones and para-pheromones. 

Throughout the apple and pear orchards of Canada and northwestern U. S., only a few major pests need be contained population monitoring and control are especially promising. Monitoring, combined with visual inspection for the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella, is successfully 

An extensive study of the use of survey traps in the management of the codling moth was carried out in the Rhone Valley and in the vicinity of Paris, France, by Audemard and Milaire (583). They concluded that critical levels of trap catches in conjunction with temperature readings can be used to determine spray schedules. 

The pheromone of another major apple pest in British Columbia, the fruit leaf roller, Archips argyrospilus, has been used successfully to monitor activity and estimate populations so that sprays may be timed more effectively (585). 

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