Oral malodor

The addition of therapeutic or cosmetic agents to dentifrices has paralleled advances in knowledge about factors affecting the human dentition. Agents added to dentifrices can act directly on the host tooth stmcture or on specific oral accumulations, for example, the principal action of fluoride is on the tooth enamel. The primary action of an abrasive, however, is on an accumulated stained pellicle. Oral accumulations of interest to preventive dentistry are dental pellicles, dental plaque, dental calculus (tartar), microbial populations responsible for oral malodor, and oral debris (food residues, leukocytes, etc). Plaque is most important because of its potential to do harm. 

Morita, M. Wang, H. L. (2001) Association between oral malodor and adult periodontitis a review. J. Clin. Periodontal. 28, 813-819. 

Lantz, A. W., Rodriguez, M. A., VNfetterer, S. M., andArmstrong, D.W.2006. Estimation of association constants between oral malodor components and various native and derivatized cyclodeftdiiaiisChim. Acta. 

Local factors, systemic factors, or a combination of both can cause halitosis. It is estimated that 80%i of all mouth odors are caused by local factors within the oral cavity, and these odors are most often associated with caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Oral malodors occur because of the action of various microorganisms on proteinaceous substances, such as, exfoliated oral epithelium, salivary proteins, food debris, and blood.t ]... 

Various oral bacteria produce products that are degraded to a number of compoimds, foremost of which are sulfides and mucoproteins. These compoimds have been most often associated with oral malodor. Specifically, it appears that oral malodor usually results from the bacterial-mediated degradative processes of methyl mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide in oral air. Ammonia is also produced but does not appear to contribute significantly to halitosis. It has even been suggested that ammonia production may improve the odor of mouth air. 

The alkaline environment also precipitates calcium and phosphate ions from the GCF, causing dental calculus. Dental calculus interferes with self-administered oral hygiene (Sect. 13.1.2) and asaccharolytic metabolism intensifies. When sulfur-containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine) are metabohzed, they release hydrogen sulfide along with the ammonia and short chain fatty acids. Hydrogen sulfide is a major contributor of oral malodor that often accompanies moderate to severe periodontal disease. 

Tanaka M., Anguri H., Nonaka A., Kataoka K., Nagata H., Kita J., and Shizukuishi S., Clinical assessment of oral malodor by the electronic nose system, J. Dent. Res., 83(4), 317, 2004. 

Preti, G., Lawley, H.J., Hormann, C.A., Cowart, B.J., Feldman, R.S., Lowry, L.D. Young, I-M. 1995. Non-oral and oral aspects of oral malodor. In Bad Breath Research Perspectives, (Ed. by M. Rosenberg), pp 149-173. Tel-Aviv Ramot Publishing. 

K. Tamaki, T. Tamaki, T. Yamakasi, Fox studies on the deodorization by mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) extract of garlic extract-induced oral malodor. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 53,277-286 (2007)... 

Iha. K., N. Suzuki, M. Yoneda, T. Takeshita and T. HirofuJi, 2013. Effect of mouth cleaning with hinokitiol-containing gel on oral malodor A randomized, open-label pilot study. 

Natural and synthetic phenolic compounds were evaluated against oral bacteria. Thus, many antimicrobial agents have been developed for the inhibition of halitosis bacteria and thus for the treatment of oral malodor (Giertsen 2004 Greenstein et al. 1997 Hayashi et al. 2007 Loesche 1979). Antibacterial compounds such as chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, triclosan, and chlorine dioxide have been tested either alone or in different combinations. However, most compounds have been known to induce undesired side effects (Rule et al. 2005). 

Greenberg, M., Urnezis, R, Tian, M. (2007). Compressed mints and chewing gum containing magnolia bark are effective against bacteria that are response for oral malodor. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55, 9465. 

Greenstein, R. B.-N., Goldberg, S., Marku-Cohen, S., Sterer, N., 8c Rosenberg, M. (1997). Reduction of oral malodor by oxidizing lozenges. Journal of Periodontology, 68,1176. 

Various methods have been used to investigate oral malodors including direct oral sampling for volatile sulfur materials and dynamic headspace analysis of incubated saliva. These approaches have been used in clinical evaluation of materials to ameliorate oral malodors as well as identifying all materials that contribute to the malodor or are indicators of oral disease (23-27). SPME analysis has been used to sample human breath (28). In this study, systemic air from diabetics was analyzed for ethanol, acetone, and isoprene. 

G. Preti, L. Clark, B. Cowart, R. Feldman, D. Lowry, E. Weber, and I. Young, Nonoral etiologies of oral malodor and altered chemosensation, J. Periodontol. 63 790-796 (1992). 

D. Claus, B. Geypens, Y. Ghoos, and P. Rutgeerts, Oral malodor assessed by closed-loop gas chromatography and ion-trap technology, J. High Resol. Chromatogr. 20 94-98 (1997). 

R. Payne, S. Liu, and J. Labows, Released oral malodors measured by SPME/GC/ MS, Flavor Release (D. Roberts and A. Taylor, eds.), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2000, pp. 73-86. 

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