Operating cost references

Operating Costs (Refer to Table 6 for detailed breakdown) ... 

Total investment required for project = 445,000 + 22,250 = 467,250, say 468,000 Annual operating costs, reference Table 6.6 ... 

The reactor itself, in which the unit processes to produce the intermediates and dyes are carried out, is usually the focal point of the plant, but this does not mean that it is the most important part of the total manufacture, nor that it absorbs most of the capital or operational costs. Operations subsequent to reaction are often referred to as work-up stages. These vary from product to product with intermediates (used without drying wherever practicable) needing less finishing operations than colorants. 

A systematic method of developing operating costs should be devised. A table or form that everyone becomes familiar with helps to make all studies uniform and complete. Reference 1 presents a good form and checklist. 

Several rules of thumb have been developed for estimating operating costs. For instance, Grumer (Reference 3) suggests that the raw material costs can be estimated as a percentage of the sales price of the finished product. Correlations have been made that indicate the overall operating costs can be related to the lbs of products, i.e., the total operating costs are a constant cents/lb of finished product. This obviously will work only when history can be used to get the recent cost on a similar plant. 

When analyzing the financial impact of projects, it is often useful to further categorize costs as either procurement costs or operations costs. This distinction better enables the projection of costs over time, because procurement costs are short-term, and refer to all costs required to bring a new piece of equipment or a new procedure on-line. Conversely, operations costs are long-term, and represent all costs of operating the equipment or performing the procedure in the postprocurement phase. 

In addition to the fixed capital investment needed to purchase and install process equipment and auxiliaries, there is a continuous expenditure referred to as operating cost, which is needed to operate the process. The operating cost (or manufacturing cost or production cost) includes raw materials, mass-separating agents, utilities (fuel, electricity, steam, water, refrigerants, air, etc.), catalysts, additives, labor, and maintenance. The total annualized cost of a process is defined as follows ... 

Life cycle cost (LCC) calculations are made to make sure that both the purchase price and the operating costs for life cycle are considered in investment decisions. In the chapter the basic calculation methods and sensitivity analysis are introduced. Examples of calculation results and references to LCC information sources are given. 

The present state of the art in blood pH measurements allows for rapid (1 minute) determination of pH between 6.4 and 8.0 to within at least 0.005 units for whole blood sample volumes < 100 microliters. The temperature of the electrodes and sample is generally controlled to within 0.1 °C for this level of precision and frequent calibration is carried out (in some cases a one point calibration for each sample). The electrodes require (both the glass and external reference) some maintenance due to protein fouling, however this procedure is largely automated. The useful life of an electrode is one year or less and the cost is well over 100 (U.S.) each. New technologies, both electrochemical and non-electrochemical, must compete with this attractive performance and provide for lower operating costs in order to be successful. 

The multiple-hearth incinerator (Fig. 16-6) can accept sludges containing between 60 and 75% water. The operating costs run between 0.50 and 5.00 per ton of dry solids, with total costs between 8 and 14 per ton. Design information is given in reference 62. When the sludges contain more water, fluidized-bed incinerators are sometimes used. Their operating costs run between 11 and 21 per ton of dry solids and capital costs are 15/ton.6 See reference 63 for more details. All incinerators must have the proper air-pollution abatement devices attached. 

This chapter includes a discussion of how to formulate objective functions involved in economic analysis, an explanation of the important concept of the time value of money, and an examination of the various ways of carrying out a profitability analysis. In Appendix B we cover, in more detail, ways of estimating the capital and operating costs in the process industries, components that are included in the objective function. For examples of objective functions other than economic ones, refer to the applications of optimization in Chapters 11 to 16. 

B. l Capital Costs / B.2 Operating Costs / B. 3 Taking Account of Inflation / B.4 Predicting Revenues in an Economic-Based Objective Function / B.5 Project Evaluation / References... 

Breakdown of Capital and Operating Costs and Estimate of Total Revenue Required per Year for Deciduous Plant Material Grown on Energy Plantations Adapted from Reference (7)... 

The estimated capital costs for a mobile PACT system range from 100,000 to 300,000. Operational costs range from less than 0.50 to over 1.00 per 1000 gal. Treatment costs are site specific. Flow rate, contaminant concentration, and the type of contamination will impact treatment costs (D19756C, pp. 2, 3). Some site-specific costs are provided below. Please refer to D19756C for additional information about the application. 

Harvin, Leray and Roudier (Ref. PTI ) and Chilton (Ref. PT2) were the two main references used to determine the process selection for this project. Reference PTI contains an objective comparison between the dual and single-pressure processes. It compares them on nearly all aspects, including capital and operating costs, process... 

EFFECT OF A SINGLE OR HYBRID PROCESS, BASED ON ED, IE, AND/OR NF, ON THE OVERALL OPERATING COSTS PER kg OF DM OF 90%-DEMINERALIZED WHEY POWDER, AS ESTIMATED BY EURODIA/AMERIDIA" BY REFERRING TO AN INDUSTRIAL PLANT WITH AN INPUT CAPACITY OF 400 m3/day OF RAW WHEY AT 6.3% TDS ... 

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