Volume equipment

Open-field or pot expert- Handled shaking or gen- Total rooted soil volume Equipment cheap and 4, 54, 56, 64, 101, 102,... 

The resulting solution was filled in 400 mL portions into 25 Erlenmeyer flasks with 2 L total volume equipped with four baffles and in 100 mL portions in five Erlenmeyer flasks with 500 mL total volume equipped with one baffle. The flasks were closed by cotton plugs wrapped in gauze and autoclaved at 121 °C for 20 min. 

Dissolve 175 g of KOH in 1,750 ml of water in a flask of 5 liters volume equipped with a reflux condenser and a gas inlet tube. If a stirring device is not required, it should be removed and the open neck stoppered. Heat the mixture to 80° under a stream of nitrogen and add 500 g of ergotamine tartrate. Hold the temp at 80° for 2Vi hours with bubbling from the nitrogen filled gas inlet tube. Pour the mixture into a 5 gallon polyethylene bucket (made from the same... 

Ruy et al. have performed a similar reaction under microreactor conditions in a multiphase solvent system containing an ionic liquid as the catalyst carrier and reaction promoter [35]. Their system consisted of two T-shaped micromixers (i.d. 1,000 and 400 pm) and a capillary stainless steel tube as an RTU (1,000 pm i.d. and 18 m length, giving a 14.1 ml volume), equipped with pumps and control valves. Under the optimized conditions, Pd-catalysed carbonylation of aromatic iodides in the presence of a secondary amine provided only the double carbonylated product, ot-ketoamide, while the amide obtained by the single carbonylation was observed in high quantities only when the reaction was performed in batch (Scheme 13). 

Experiments were carried out in batch-type and flow-type supercritical biomass conversion systems. The batch-type reaction system was the same as reported previously (14). In brief, it consisted of a tube reaction vessel (Inconel-625 5 mL in volume) equipped with a thermocouple and a pressure gage. For hydrolysis reaction, 1 mL of rapeseed oil mixed with 4 mL of water was fully charged into the reaction vessel. The reaction vessel was then heated with molten tin preheated at desired temperatures. It took about 12 s to reach the reaction temperature. Subsequently, the vessel was moved into a water bath to quench the reaction. Reaction time was counted from the time a mixture reached the reaction temperature to when it was quenched. The obtained product was then kept for about 30 min until the two phases separated the upper portion is the hydrolyzed product, while the lower is a mixture of water and glycerol. The upper portion was then evaporated in a vacuum evaporator to remove any water. 

As a case example we will consider the approach of van Breemen and co-workers (67-69), who applied pulsed ultrafiltration ESI-MS (70) to the screening for inhibitors of adenosine deaminase (67, 68) and dehydrofolate reductase (69). A schematic representation of the whole process is repiorted in Fig. 7.12. The authors used an HPLC/MS apparatus where the column was substituted with an ultrafiltration chamber (around 100 pL volume) equipped with a 10,000-MW cutoff membrane. Aqueous buffer solutions of the library components and the receptor were incubated, then loaded... 

The chemist or engineer designing his experiments to establish quantitative kinetics of gas-phase reactions will do his best to look for constant-volume equipment. However, occasionally he may have to work with data obtained at constant pressure. The complication here is that a change in mole number affects the reaction volume and, thereby, the concentrations of the participants, distorting their histories from which reaction orders and rate coefficients are deduced Volume variation disguises kinetics and must be corrected for. 

In the static method one side of the membrane ( permeate side ) is connected to an evacuated well-known volume equipped with a sensitive pressure transducer. The other side ( feed side ) of the membrane is suddenly exposed to a certain concentration or pressure of the component that is being investigated... 

Process intensification means using significantly smaller equipment. Examples include novel reactors, intense mixing devices, heat- and mass-transfer designs that provide high surface-area per unit of volume, equipment that performs one or more... 

Reactions in microemulsions and emulsions have been performed in a stainless steel variable-volume view cell (2 in. (5.1 cm) o.d., 11/16 in. (1.7 cm) i.d., 35.2 mL total volume), equipped with a piston and a sapphire window (1 in. (2.5 cm) diameter by 3/8 in. (0.95 cm) thick) [44,55]. Water, nucleophile (e.g. KBr), surfactant (0.5 wt. %), and an internal standard were added to the cell. The cell was sealed with the sapphire window, pressurized with a known amount of CO2 from an ISCO pump, and heated to the desired temperature. An emulsion was formed as discussed above by recirculating the contents of the vessel (mixed with a teflon-coated magnetic stir bar) through a 0.254 mm diameter by 5 cm long steel capillary tube with a... 

Therefore, a second immobilized cell system was investigated. In this system the cells were grown on cheesecloth filters in shake flasks. In this system also neither growth nor alkaloid production occurred. The third system described by the authors was a bubble column (1000 ml liquid volume) equipped with a cheesecloth filter at the bottom. This filter was used to facilitate the replacement of growth medium by production medium without removal of cells. It was also used as an air sparger. Both growth and total alkaloid production in this system were comparable to shake flasks. The scale-up potential of this system to larger volumes, however, remains questionable. 

Preiss et al. [81] reported the use of stopped-flow HPLC-NMR to identify dyes and other pollutants in the effluent from a textile manufacturing plant They utilized a mobile phase of gradient of acetonitrile and deuterium oxide. Although they used conventional volume equipment, stop-flow times of 0 min to 2 h were required to achieve good S/N for individual components. They identified 14 dyes, their degradation products, or other compounds (such as long-chain benzenesulfo-nates). 

We estimate that 4 m volume vessels would need to indicate a change of 2 millibar pressure over one hour for a pressure test to have some use. Such pressure monitors are available and could be considered for large volume equipment. 

The stripping column adopted the same efficiciency and tray type. All the heat-exchangers were biased-plate exchangers which warranted a good compromise in reducing the volume equipments per cost unit. 

Simulations have been performed for a stirred-tank bioreactor with 9001 operating volume, equipped with three six-bladed Rushton impellers (diameter 0.83 m, height 1.76 m, impeller diameter 0.33 m). The speed of agitation is 400 rpm. The number of control volumes for the CFD simulations is given by 65 x 65 x 128. 

To this end, young, intact hornet colonies were transfered from their natural locations into camping cold boxes (section 3.5.) of 24 L volume equipped with a free access to the outdoor environment [75], The hornets continued to construct the vertically hanging combs and the multilayered nest envelope during the season so that continuously growing colonies could be studied. The heat output for a typical nest ranged from 1.2 W at the end of the season in October to 12.5 W at the time of maximum insect number. Hornet workers contributed with 70 to 90 % at 49 mW/g at 20 °C, drones with 36 mW/g [122,123]. Heat flux from the nest showed a diurnal rhythm like that of bumblebees but shifted in time to a maximum around noon. Comparing hornet nests of different sizes rendered a clear positive correlation between size and internal temperature as well as heat production rate. 

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