Open field behaviour

The effects of 8 anticholinergic drugs were studied on 3 aspects of rat behaviour. These included spontaneous motor activity, open-field behaviour and avoidance conditioning in a shuttlebox. 

In the open-field test all the drugs caused significant increases in ambulation and all except one compound caused significant decreases in the amount or frequency of defaecation. The minimal effective doses of the drugs in producing these two effects on open-field behaviour were correlated with each other but not with measures of central anticholinergic potency. 

Brimblecombe, R. W. (1963) Effects of psychotropic drugs on open-field behaviour in rats. Psycho-pharmacologia (Berl.), 4,139-147. 

Almost all changes produced in open-field behaviour were manifested as increases in ambulation (squares crossed) and decreases in defaecation scores. All compounds which produced changes did so to one or both of these paramaters for at least one of... 

MINIMAL EFFECTIVE DOSES (MED) TO PRODUCE CHANGES IN OPEN-FIELD BEHAVIOUR AND INCREASES... 

DOM and DOET, in small doses, produced changes in rat open-field behaviour comparable with those produced by LSD and mescaline. Three phenylaminobutanes produced changes of the same type, but at much higher doses than DOM or DOET. 

Shaw, D., J.M. Annett, B. Doherty, and J.C. Leslie, 2007. Anxiolytic effects of lavender oil inhalation on open-field behaviour in rats. Phytomedicine, 14(9) 613-620. 

Biology - The pharmacology of the hallucinogens was reviewed briefly In a series of substituted tryptamlnes a statistically significant correlation was found between the respective potencies In evoking hyperthermia and open-field behavioural effects. It was suggested that the compounds act on the same CNS receptors as LSD Based on their effects on the CAR In... 

Winneke, G., Brockhaus, A. and Baltissen, R. (1977) Neurobehavioural and systemic effects of longterm blood lead-elevation in rats. I. Discrimination learning and open field behaviour. Arc/1. Toxicol, 37, 247-263... 

EOs from different Lippia alba chemotypes showed behavioural effects. Greater effects were presented by chemotype 2 (with citral and limonene), while chemotype 1, containing citral, myrcene and limonene, decreased only the number of rearings in the open-field test [396]. The EO of lemon was found to modulate the behavioural and neuronal responses related to nociception, pain and anxiety [397, 398]. Thus, there is widespread and increasing interest in complementary and alternative medicines using EOs [399]. 

In order to study the behavioural effects in rats of the dopamine agonist 2-amino-6-allyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4//-thiazolo[4,5-Boehringer Ingelheim, BHT for short) a recording device, the holeboard (.Figure 6.1) with infrared photobeams covering an open field was used [2]. The apparatus allows ten different measurements (which will be labelled x, - x,0) of behaviour to be recorded simultaneously. The rats (n = 23)... 

Rick In the open field, ambulation on day 1 is now taken to be of a complex character, partly exploratory and partly escape behaviour (Whimbey and Denenberg, 1967). It might become clearer if you did an experiment on day 2 because there ambulation is more clearly exploratory in nature. 

Whimbey A. E. and Denenberg V. H. (1967) Two independent behavioural dimensions in open-field performance. J. comp, physiol. Psychol., 63,500-504. 

Roth, K. A., and Katz, R. J., 1979, Stress, behavioural arousal and open-field activity - a reexamination of motionality in the rat, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 3 247-263. 

When an animal is allowed to move freely in a given environment, he will do so as a consequence of a number of factors, although we cannot identify them as precisely as we might describe the stimulus responsible for a scratch reflex. General or spontaneous motor activity may be studied in an environmoit that is not familiar to the subject. It is then called exploratory behaviour. A classical example is the open-field test, in which the movements and simple emotional manifestations of a rat in a circular space are observed and counted. One must be aware of the fact that an unfamiliar environment may induce reactions for which the tmn exploration is inappropriate. For example, depending upon the charactraistics of the species, illumination or noise level may have aversive propnties resulting in escape responses and the like. Drug effects will, of course, vary as a function of such factors. It is therefore necessary to analyse them systematically. 

In many cases faults will only restrict fluid flow, or they may be open i.e. non-sealing. Despite considerable efforts to predict the probability of fault sealing potential, a reliable method to do so has not yet emerged. Fault seal modelling is further complicated by the fact that some faults may leak fluids or pressures at a very small rate, thus effectively acting as seal on a production time scale of only a couple of years. As a result, the simulation of reservoir behaviour in densely faulted fields is difficult and predictions should be regarded as crude approximations only. 

Abstract. A model of the conformational transitions of the nucleic acid molecule during the water adsorption-desorption cycle is proposed. The nucleic acid-water system is considered as an open system. The model describes the transitions between three main conformations of wet nucleic acid samples A-, B- and unordered forms. The analysis of kinetic equations shows the non-trivial bifurcation behaviour of the system which leads to the multistability. This fact allows one to explain the hysteresis phenomena observed experimentally in the nucleic acid-water system. The problem of self-organization in the nucleic acid-water system is of great importance for revealing physical mechanisms of the functioning of nucleic acids and for many specific practical fields. 

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