One percenters

Key resins used in the manufacture of laminates are made with formaldehyde (qv). The A-stage resins are manufactured to have low levels of free formaldehyde, less than one percent, and plant atmospheres as well as individual operators are monitored to be certain they are exposed to levels of formaldehyde that are below OSHA guidelines of 0.75 ppm (14). 

The ash content of furnace blacks is normally a few tenths of a percent but in some products may be as high as one percent. The chief sources of ash are the water used to quench the hot black from the reactors during manufacture and for wet pelletizing the black. The hardness of the water, and the amount used determines the ash content of the products. The ash consists principally of the salts and oxides of calcium, magnesium, and sodium and accounts for the basic pH (8—10) commonly found in furnace blacks. In some products potassium, in small amounts, is present in the ash content. Potassium salts are used in most carbon black manufacture to control stmcture and mbber vulcanizate modulus (22). The basic mineral salts and oxides have a slight accelerating effect on the vulcanization reaction in mbber. 

Copper(II) sulfate monohydrate [10257-54-2] CuS04-H2 0, which is almost white in color, is hygroscopic and packaging must contain moisture barriers. This product is produced by dehydration of the pentahydrate at 120—150°C. Trituration of stoichiometric quantities of copper(II) oxide and sulfuric acid can be used to prepare a material of limited purity. The advantages of the monohydrate as opposed to the pentahydrate are lowered freight cost and quickness of solubilization. However, these advantages are offset by the dustiness of the product and probably less than one percent of copper sulfate is used in the monohydrate form. 

An accuracy of one percent is claimed, but the following gases are excluded helium, hydrogen, water, and ammonia. 

This fourth criterion can be met at a low steam drum cost. Only one percent of the cost of the boiler spent on the steam drum can provide it. The fourth criterion is met by requiring that the Drum-Level-Stability Factor (D.L.S.F.) be equal to 1.0 minimum. When this exists the steam drum level will be stable for wide and sudden operational changes. 

ASTM A297 Gr. HK or A 351 HK-40, a 26 Cr-20 Ni alloy with a carbon range of 0.35 to 0.45 percent, i.s the material almost always specified for catalyst tubes. A recent API Survey indicated that for most plants the tube wall was designed on the basis of stress to produce rupture in 100,000 hours. Other design bases were 50 percent of the stress to produce rupture in 10.000 hours or 40 to 50 percent of the stress to produce one percent creep in 10,000 hours. 

Furthermore, accidental vapor cloud explosions are anything but detonations of the full amount of available fuel. Therefore, practical values for TNT equivalencies of vapor cloud explosions are much lower than the theoretical upper limit. Reported values for TNT equivalency, deduced from the damage observed in many vapor cloud explosion incidents, range from a fraction of one percent up to some tens of percent (Gugan 1978 and Pritchard 1989). For most major vapor cloud explosion incidents, however, TNT equivalencies have been deduced to range from 1% to 10%, based on the heat of combustion of the full quantity of fuel released. Apparently, only a small part of the total available combustion energy is generally involved in actual explosive combustion. 

Ill 1847 Joule published a paper that contained an overwhelming amount of experimental data. All his results averaged out to a value of 4.15 J/cal (in modern units), with a spread about this mean of only five percent. The best modern value of Joule s Equivalent IS 4.184 J/cal, and so his results were accurate to better than one percent. This was truly amazing, for the heat measurements Joule performed were the most difficult in all of physics at that time. 

Methanol accounted for less than one hundredth of one percent of total transportation fuel consump-... 

WTien serving vacuum equipment, the temperatures are usually set as follows when the non-condensables do not exceed one percent of the total water vapor being condensed. See Figures 6-20 A, B, C, and D. 

A barometric condenser is to condense 8,500 pounds per hour of steam at 3.5 in. Hg abs using 87°F water. The non-condensables are 43 pounds/hr. Note that the noncondensables are less than one percent of the steam. 

A second source of plutonium, dispersed more locally, is liquid effluent from fuel reprocessing facilities. One such is the fuel reprocessing plant at Windscale, Cumbria in the United Kingdom where liquid waste is released to the Irish Sea(6). Chemical analysis of this effluent shows that about one percent or less of the plutonium is in an oxidized form before it contacts the marine water(7). Approximately 95 percent of the plutonium rapidly adsorbs to particulate matter after discharge and deposits on the seabed while 5 percent is removed from the area as a soluble component ). Because this source provided concentrations that were readily detected, pioneering field research into plutonium oxidation states in the marine environment was conducted at this location. 

At 10Hz in a typical Nd-YAG laser 1000Hz/- /Hz, and the typical finesse asymmetry is of the order of one percent. In order to detect a gw signal the laser frequency noise has to be lowered by six orders of magnitudes (compared to the noise of a free running laser), and the two arms made as identical as possible. In order to achieve this complex frequency stabilization methods are employed in all interferometric detectors, and in order to insure the perfect symmetry of the interferometer, all pairs of Virgo optical components are coated during the same run (both Fabry-Perot input mirrors then both end mirrors are coated simultaneously). 

The extrapolation of physical attributes of substances to the submicroscopic level of representation was evident when students explained the changes in the displacement reaction between zinc powder and aqueous copper(II) sulphate. The decrease in intensity of the blue colour of the solution was attributed by 31% of students to the removal of blue individual Cu + ions from aqueous solution. The suggestion that individual Cu + ions (the submicroscopic level) are blue may be indicative of the extrapolation of the blue colour of the aqueous copper(II) sulphate (the macroscopic level) to the colour of individual Cu + ions (the submicroscopic level). Thirty-one percent of students also suggested that reddish-brown, insoluble individual atoms of copper were produced in this chemical reaction, again suggesting extrapolation of the bulk properties of copper, i.e., being reddish-brown and insolnble in water (the macroscopic level), to individual copper atoms having these properties (the snbmicroscopic level). 

A similar convergence is found for the third harmonic generation process at the lower of the two frequencies, 671.5 nm. At the higher frequency, 476.5 nm, the Taylor approximations for the third harmonic generation hyperpolarizability converge only very slowly, even with a tenth-order Taylor approximation a one-percent accuracy is not obtained. This accuracy, however, is still achieved with a [1,2] Fade approximant calculated from the dispersion coefficients up to sixth order. 

In principle, it is possible to fully automate the procedure (2) and software can be written to obtain the results to an operator spemFied precision, as the error equations are available. Unfortunately, this online procedure is sometimes difficult with catalysts because most supported metal catalysts contain only the order of one percent or less of metal, the peaks are broad due to the small size of the crystallites, and the large amount of support gives strong background scattering which has features of its own. Visual inspection of the data is often necessary prior to processing. 

The A. niger PG preparation was suitably diluted with distilled water and was used as the enzyme source. Polygalacturonic acid was prepared as a one percent solution of in distilled water. 

One percent Au/C catalysts were prepared according to the following general procedure the fresh sol, prepared as... 

In addition to water, virtually any organic polar modifier may be used to control solute retention in liquid-solid chromatography. Alcohols, alkyl2aiines, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran and ethyl acetate in volumes of less than one percent can be incorporated into nonpolar mobile phases to control adsorbent activity. In general, column efficiency declines for alcohol-moderated eluents cogqpared to water-moderated eluent systems. Many of the problems discussed above for water-moderated eluents are true for organic-moderated eluents as well. 

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