Oncogenes applications

Burning at site of application, pain, inflammation Erythema, irritation, ulceration, pain, burning, edema, pigmentary changes Local irritation, erythema, burning, soreness at application site possibly oncogenic Local irritation and pain, minimal systemic effects... 

Genes can be introduced by the application of naked DNA alone however, better efficiency is achieved when the DNA is incorporated into a delivery vector. These delivery vectors consist of viral, those utilizing modified virus particles for DNA delivery, and nonviral, for which various chemicals are used to aid DNA packaging and delivery. Viral vectors confer significantly better transfection efficiency than nonviral vectors however, recently the toxicity and oncogenic side effects of viral vectors have become a major concern (6). Nonviral vectors do not have such serious side effects but lack the efficiency (7). 

Wenzel-Hartung RP, Brune H, Klimisch HJ Dermal oncogenicity study of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate by epicutaneous application in male C3H/HeJ mice. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 115 543-549, 1989... 

Nomoto S, et al. Chnical application of K-ras oncogene mutations in pancreatic carcinoma detection of micrometastases. Semin Surg Oncol 1998 15(l) 40-46. 

Jiang W, Kahn SM, Guillem JG, Lu SH, Weinstein IB (1989) Rapid detection of ras oncogenes in human tumors applications to colon, esophageal, and gastric cancer. Oncogene 4 923-928... 

Recent work has centered upon use of interferon as a therapeutic agent in humans and animals. In humans, local application of monkey interferon is effective in reducing the seventy of vaccinia virus skin infections. Recent results with herpes keratitis and chronic hepatitis are promising. Interferon appears to be active against oncogenic viruses in the treatment of such cancers as osteogenic sarcoma, and at present it is only the limited availability of interferon that pie vents more extensive testing. 

Nechers, L.M. (1989) Antisense oligonucleotides as a tool for studying cell regulation mechanism of uptake and application to the study of oncogene function. In J.S.Cohen (ed.) Oligodeoxyribonucleotides Antisense Inhibitors of Gene Expression. Macmillan Press, London. 

Finally, the expression of viral genes is a hallmark of certain tumors, such as Burkitt s lymphoma. To direct gene expression selectively to Burkitt s lymphoma cells, regulatory elements responsive to the Epstein-Barr virus-(EBV-) encoded transcriptional activators, EBNA-1 or EBNA-2, have been used to construct promoters with an extremely high degree of specificity [76-78], Obviously, this kind of approach might be applicable to a variety of human tumors that have been associated with specific oncogenic viruses. 

Recent research focus now on applying FTIR methods to proteins without an intrinsic chromophore. In investigating oncogenic hras p21, for instance, protein activity is stimulated with a photolabile substance such as caged GTP (Fig 6.6-21). A UV laser flash, which separates the head group and releases GTP, triggers the GTPase activity of p21 This new experimental approach offers now a very broad applicability to study chemical reactions by time-resolved FTIR. 

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