On-site techniques

BS 1427 General guide to methods for analysis of water field and on-site techniques... 

Future efforts in the field of environmental analysis will be focused on several fronts, including analyte enrichment and measurement, on-line and on-site techniques, multi-residue methodology, direct injection of aqueous samples into LC/MS/MS... 

Another classification of remediation technologies describes where the action is taking place. Ex situ methods are those applied to excavated soil and in situ processes are those applied to the soil in its original location. On-site techniques are those that take place on the contaminated site they can be either ex situ or in situ. Off-site processes treat the excavated soil in fixed industrial facilities, away from the contaminated site. 

Some monitoring tools, particularly online and on-site techniques (Table 2.3.2), may require some pretreatment of samples. Most of them are derived from laboratory... 

We must place additional emphasis in the area of real time measurement. We must know today the quantity of gas being used today. This involves marrying computer technology to our gas measurement concepts and the development of on site techniques to correct for pressure, temperature and gas constiments. 

The size, complexity, and value of the processed part may limit testing to on-site techniques. Thorough visual inspection usually reveals significant surface defects, such as porosity, scratches, deficiency or surplus of resin, tape mis-orientation, and wrinkles. 

Arzhaev A T, Kiselyov V.A., Bougaenko S E., Strelkov B.P, Badalyan VG, Vopilkin, A.Kb. Safety significance of Augur-4.2 on-site applications at RBMK NPPs. In NDE Techniques Capability Demonstration and Inspection Qualification, U. EstorffandP. Lematre (Eds ), 1997, pp, 251-259. 

Modem analytical techniques have not only aided glass producers, but also enabled suppUers of raw materials to produce a more consistent product. Closer monitoring of purity and on-site blending of raw materials are now used by many producers. A stable and uniform raw material is the key to the manufacture of high quaUty glass. 

The next generation of amperomethc enzyme electrodes may weU be based on immobilization techniques that are compatible with microelectronic mass-production processes and are easy to miniaturize (42). Integration of enzymes and mediators simultaneously should improve the electron-transfer pathway from the active site of the enzyme to the electrode. 

For other recreational surfaces, such as mnning tracks, the installation techniques are quite different. Most are poured-in-place. An interlocking tile technique may be employed for tennis courts. In all cases, adequate provision for weathering and water drainage is essential. In general, the resiHent surfaces are installed over a hard base (see Fig. 4) that contains the necessary curbs to provide the finished level. Outdoors, asphalt is the most common base, and indoors, concrete. A poured-in-place polyurethane surface (14) is mixed on-site and cast from at least two components, an isocyanate and a filled... 

Production of one metric ton of molten aluminum requites about 500 kg of anode carbon and 7.5—10 kg of cathode blocks which is the largest industry usage of carbon materials. Aluminum smelters generally have an on-site carbon plant for anode production. Anode technology is focused on taw materials (petroleum coke and coal-tar pitch), processing techniques, and todding practices (74). 

Various techniques are available to separate the different types of particles that may be present in a sohd mixture. The choice depends on the physicochemical nature of the sohds and on site-specific considerations (for example, wet versus diy methods). A key consideration is the extent of the liberation of the individual particles to be separated. Particles attached to each other obviously cannot be separated by direct mechanical means except after the attachment has been broken. In ore processing, the mineral values are generally liberated by size reduction (see Sec. 20). Rarely is liberation complete at any one size, and a physical-separation flow sheet wih incorporate a sequence of operations that often are designed first to rejec t as much... 

Gaussian techniques, discussed in Chapter 19, are reasonable for estimates of concentrations of nonreative pollutants within 20 km of point sources. It is preferable to utilize on-site wind fluctuation measurements to estimate the horizontal and vertical spreading of a pollutant plume released from a point source. 

Generation of test atmospheres of organic vapours by the syringe injection technique Generation of test atmospheres of organic vapours by the permeation tube method On-site validation of sampling methods... 

Design or trouble shooting During the design stage an on-site experiment with the actual equipment is not usually possible. Numerical prediction may then be simpler. However, for trouble shooting, field measurements are strongly recommended, ideally complemented by simulations techniques. 

The use of laser-based techniques is ideal for practicing engineers in the field of industrial ventilation for the following on-site measurements and laboratory applications ... 

A different concept is the idea of manufacturing at point of use rather than transporting materials. A simple and familiar example is the office water cooler. The majority that you see around use large bottles of water. These need to be transported and stored and the empty bottles recycled. More than 600 kT of bottled water were imported into the UK in 1999, creating a significant transport impact. The alternative is to chill and filter mains water on-site. The water needs to be filtered and purified to meet consumer perceptions and expectations. These systems use a mixture of purification techniques including advanced filters, UV-disinfection and silver-treated surfaces to give users the confidence they require. 

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