On broad topics

As explained in the Preface, the organization of this sixth edition does not include chapters on broad classes of compounds (e.g., organometallic compounds) nor on broad topics (e.g., bioinorganic chemistry). Much material that previously appeared in such chapters is now distributed in the present rewritten chapters on the chemistry of individual elements or groups of elements. However, there are still cross-cutting concepts that are best treated generically. That will be done partly in this chapter, but also, for a few topics that are mainly relevant to transition metal chemistry, in Chapter 16. 

The interested reader is referred to numerous other compendiums of information on this broad topic (1 5). Particularly noteworthy are the series of Fundamental Reviews on specific techniques that appear biennially in the JinalyticalChemistty. These Reviews report developments in specific fields... 

Rather similar was the paper [PolG36a] which also derives asymptotic formulae for the number of several kinds of chemical compounds, for example the alcohols and benzene and naphthalene derivatives. Unlike the paper previously mentioned, this one gives proofs of the recursion formulae from which the asymptotic results are derived. A third paper on this topic [PolG36] covers the same sort of ground but ranges more broadly over the chemical compounds. Derivatives of anthracene, pyrene, phenanthrene, and thiophene are considered as well as primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, esters, and ketones. In this paper Polya addresses the question of enumerating stereoisomers -- a topic to which we shall return later. 

At the symposium on which this book is based, the various authors presented papers on the general topic of polymer adsorption and particle stabilization/destabilization. In this volume both aqueous and nonaqueous systems are included, comprising work on both natural and synthetic polymers. Together the chapters constitute a comprehensive update of research in progress on these topics and provide broad coverage of both experimental and theoretical aspects. 

As noted at the beginning of this chapter, studies related to perceived risk have only recently turned toward issues of food safety. Consequently, many of the studies presented in this chapter were exploratory in nature and many of the observations that are made are based on one or two studies on a topic and not on a broad set of converging findings. This area is ripe for studies that systematically test some of the general predictions here across a wide range of food safety issues both natural and technological. 

The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are health topic pages which hst links to available materials relevant to isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Log on to httpvywww.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html To access this system. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus hsted the following when searched for isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency ... 

Al MAS NMR has been demonstrated to be an invaluable tool for the zeoHte sdentist It provides a simple and direct way to quantify the proportions of A1 in four [Al(4)j, five [Al(5)j and six [Al(6)j coordinations. Quantitative determination of these species is an important issue in catalysis, and major effort is devoted on this topic. As mentioned already, for A1 only the central transition (-i-half to —half selective exdtation ) is detected. The central transition is unaffected by first order quadmpolar interaction, but the presence of second order effects causes broadening and complicates the quantitation of the A1 species. Usually hydrated samples and short radiofrequency pulses are employed for quantitative determination of framework and extra framework aluminum species. It is uncertain whether hydration changes the coordination of A1 species. Certain extra framework A1 can have very large quadmpolar interactions resulting in very broad lines ( NMR invisible ) [155, 202]. Unlike Si NMR, Al has a short relaxation time due to its quadmpolar nature, and the Al NMR spectrum with good signal to noise can be obtained in a relatively short time. 

Machine Learning as a general technique is quite broad topic and its application in virtual screening could easily fill a chapter on its own [139]. Therefore, similar to the topic on numerical optimization, only the tip of the iceberg can be covered here. 

This book is one of many SETAC publications that offer timely, innovative, and critically-reviewed perspectives on current topics relating to broad environmental toxicology and chemistry issues. SETAC assumes an active leadership in the development of educational programs and publishes the peer-reviewed, international journals Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry and Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. For more information, contact the SETAC Office nearest you or visit www.setac.org. 

Example Let s say you are interested in writing a research paper on caves. That s a very broad topic—much too broad for a research paper. You will probably need to narrow the topic down to something that will fit into the length of a research paper. For example, you could write about any of the following aspects of caves ... 

The reactivity of both endogenous compounds and xenobiotics with CYP is fairly broad, and is governed by a complex combination of physiochemical and structural properties [5]. A comprehensive review of this enzyme system and its critical role in the mechanisms of toxicity for many important chemicals is beyond the scope of this chapter, and the reader is directed to reviews on the topic [6-10]. 

Current interest in c lath rate structures focuses on molecular recognition, a broad topic that includes resolution of enantiomers (Chapter 12). macrocyclic chelates ... 

The interested reader is referred to numerous other compendiums of information on this broad topic (1—5). Particulady noteworthy are the series of Fundamental Reviews on specific techniques that appear biennially in the joumal Analytical Chemistry. These Reviews report developments in specific fields since the previous report, and usually provide an up-to-date perspective of significant advances made in the field. Of particular relevance to this article are the Fundamental Reviews on surface analysis, scanning probe microscopy, and ir spectroscopy which have appeared recendy (5). 

In the next sections we introduce some of the most important experimental techniques of surface characterization. For the interested reader, a broad range of books on this topic is available (e.g. Refs. [346,347]). We start by discussing microscopy, continue with diffraction, and finally focus on spectroscopic methods. 

THE ECONOMIC evaluation of a chemical plant covers a wide range of topics. The scope is much too broad to allow inclusion of a detailed description in this short section, indeed entire books have been written on this topic alone. Sections 6.2 to 6.4 contain brief notes covering the main topics to be considered in the introductory stages (feasibility study) of a design project. 

Physical inorganic chemistry is an enormous area of science. In the broadest sense, it comprises experimental and theoretical approaches to the thermodynamics, kinetics, and structure of inorganic compounds and their chemical transformations in solid, gas, and liquid phases. When I accepted the challenge to edit a book on this broad topic, it was clear that only a small portion of the field could be covered in a project of manageable size. The result is a text that focuses on mechanistic aspects of inorganic chemistry in solution, similar to the frequent association of physical organic chemistry with organic mechanisms. 

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