Structural diversity, carbohydrates

For fabrication of carbohydrate microarrays with monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, carbohydrates can be substrate specifically designed. This substrate specificity allows the fabrication of carbohydrate microarrays with a wide range of structurally diverse carbohydrate probes (including linkage and positional isomer specificity) without any chemical modification requirement [169,170]. 

Diverse aldehydes have been utilized as acceptors in combination with DHA, GO, HA, and HB donors to yield a plethora of structurally diverse carbohydrate, deoxysugars, and sugar phosphate analogues as well as polyhydroxylated molecules with exquisite stereoselectivity (Figure 10.6) [114,146-148,150,156-160]. 

Thioxotetrahydro-l,3-0,iV-lieterocycles are commonly named cyclic thiocarbamates or thionocarbamates. The structural association of five- and six-membered thionocarbamates with diverse carbohydrate scaffolds has shown a promising potential in modern organic synthesis and in the preparation of biomolecules mimics. The principal pathways for their synthesis, the recent and most important developments of their chemical transformations as well as some examples of their biological activities will be considered in the following discussion. 

Carbohydrates are configurationally stable, easily available in enantiopure forms from the chiral pool, and they show a high density of chiral information per molecular unit. Their polyfunctionality and structural diversity fadhtate their tailor-made modification, derivatization, and structural optimization for a broad spectrum of synthetic applications. While derivatives of various saccharides have already been utilized as versatile starting materials and building blocks for chiral auxiliaries, ligands, and reagents [330] their obvious role as precursors for the... 

Some total syntheses targeting structurally diverse and biologically active pyrrole alkaloids, fiiranoteipenes, macrolide antibiotics and carbohydrates have been suimnarized <99SL1S23>. 

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates possessing high structural diversity. They are composed of several monosaccharide units joined together through glycosidic bonds. Typically, polysaccharides are isolated from a natural source,... 

Aromatic polyketides are structurally diverse, often polycyclic molecules that are derived from unreduced polyketone chains. This group of compounds is produced with the help of type II polyketide synthase (PKS), a complex of enzymes that catalyzes the iterative decarboxylative condensation of malonyl-CoA extender units with an acyl starter unit [70], The carbon framework of aromatic polyketides is further decorated with different functionalities, and carbohydrates are often one of them. Their presence has profound effects on physico-chemical and biological properties of aromatic polyketides. For example, anthracycline aglycones are stable and unpolar, while polyglycosylated anthracyclines are quite polar and often... 

Lipids are defined as water-insoluble compounds extracted from living organisms by weakly polar or nonpolar solvents. This definition is based on a physical property, in contrast to the definitions of proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, which are based on chemical structure. Consequently, the term lipid covers a structurally diverse group of compounds, and there is no universally accepted scheme for classifying lipids. 

These compounds illustrate the structural diversity of carbohydrates. Glucose is the most common simple sugar, whereas cellulose, which comprises wood, piant stems, and grass, is the most common carbohydrate in the piant world. Doxorubicin, an anticancer drug that has a carbohydrate ring as part of its structure, has been used in the treatment of ieukemia, Hodgkin s disease, and cancers of the breast, biadder, and ovaries. 2 -Deoxyadenosine 5 -monophosphate is one of the four nucieotides that form DNA. 

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