Oil granulomas

If the drug is insoluble in water, suspensions have to be administered. In such cases vehicles like sesame oil, hydroxy-methyl-cellulose or hydroxy-ethyl-cellulose can be used. The selection of the vehicle is a critical issue because of inherent toxicity of the vehicle used frequently for kinetic and metabolism studies (e.g. vehicles which form metabolically oxalic acid). Natural oils such as sesame or com oil can be used. However, it should be checked whether the use of oily vehicles alters the gastrointestinal absorption due to their laxative properties and whether oily vehicles can cause oil granulomas (reaction to oily vehicles in the reticulo-endothelial system) in case of parenteral administration. 

This compound (Gy-97), in doses of 50-200 mg/kg intraperitoneally in the rat, inhibits oedema induced by dextran, 5-hydroxytryptamine or formalin, whilst chronic treatment is also active in the croton-oil granuloma-pouch test. In rats it produces a considerable increase in blood sugar the anti-inflammatory activity may be related to its effect on carbohydrate metabolism . ... 

In 1969 a patent of Laroche [82] disclosed that Cu complexes of acetic, lauric, oleic, caprylic, butyric, sebasic, lipoic, and cinnamic acids were orally effective in rats as anti-inflammatory agents at doses corresponding to 18 and 60 mg kg of Cu respectively in the carrageenan paw oedema (CPE) and croton oil granuloma models of inflammation. It was claimed that mixtures of these complexes with clinically used antirheumatic agents would be useful in treating a variety of rheumatic diseases. However, this approach was never used in clinical therapy. 

Most popular adjuvants are the incomplete and the complete forms of Freund. The incomplete adjuvant is a water-in-oil emulsion by which the antigen is slowly released, providing a long period of contact between antigen and immune system. The complete adjuvant contains heat-killed Mycobacteria that causes a local injury and granuloma formation, thus providing a nonspecific stimulus. 

Purified mineral oils have been used medicinally and in foods. Subchronic toxicity studies of selected mixtures of mineral oil hydrocarbons (composed primarily of branched chain alkanes or cyclic alkanes) in F344 rats have identified the liver and the mesenteric lymph nodes as potential targets of toxicity for these mineral oils. The TPHCWG (1997c) derived chronic RfDs for low and high molecular weight mineral oils based on the hepatic effects (lipid granulomas) seen in these studies. 

Hepatic lipid granulomas have also been seen in humans exposed to mineral oils through the diet and by ingestion of medicinal mineral oils, but doses associated with the effect in humans are not known. According to TPHCWG (1997c), the granulomas in humans were circumscribed lesions with no... 

Metabolic studies with I-labeled Ethiodol indicated that the iodized oil was rapidly deiodinated by enzymes in tissues with the iodine appearing as inorganic iodide, which was excreted by the kidney. In humans, no more than 0.5%of the injected iodized oil was found in the blood at any one time, and the urinary excretion was less than 2.5% of the dose per day (159). The most serious side effect of the iodized oils is pulmonary or systemic embolization and granuloma formation (160), which is related to the particle size of the oily drops (150,157), but Kupffer cells can actively capture and phagocytize the iodized oil droplets (161). 

The 70% methanol extract from the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa VAHL, a Chinese medicine, and Rengyo in Japanese medicine, showed anti-inflammatory activity. Even though the active was not identified, it was partitioned into the hexane fraction and, therefore, the active is believed to be one of the essential oil components. The anti-inflammatory activities of the hexane fraction on acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, writhing symptoms in mice, carrageenin-induced edema, and the cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats, as well as analgesic activity, were also at approximately the same level activity as indomethacin [108]. 

Ziemlanski et al. (1972) fed HEAR oil, hydrogenated HEAR oil, and a number of experimentally produced margarines to rats and produced heart lesions, which they referred to as histiocytic granulomas. These lesions consisted of small necrotic foci, surrounded by histiocytic granulomas and focal fibrosis. They found no myocardial lesions in rats fed a standard diet (7% fat) for 7 and 12 months. 

Ratanasethkul et al. (1976) fed chickens, ducks, and turkeys high and low erucic acid rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and a lard/corn oil control diet. All the ducks and some of the chickens fed the HEAR oil diet (36% erucic acid) died with hydropericardium and ascites. Myocardial lipidosis was present in all species fed the HEAR oil and the severity of the lipidosis (as judged by oil red O staining) decreased with time on diet. In ducks, they found thickening of the epicardium and myocardial fibrosis. Granulomas characterized by giant cells and histiocytic infiltration were present in some of the hearts of turkeys fed the HEAR oil. 

Pistacia lentiscus L. (Anacardiaceae) EO was evaluated for its anti-in ammatory effects on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma. The oil signi cantly reduced the production of TNF-a and IL-6 as well as the cotton pellet-induced granuloma (Maxia et al., 2010). 

Rats Anti-inflammatory activity of piperine in experimental models carrageenan- induced rat paw edema, cotton pellet granuloma, croton oil-induced granuloma pouch [79]... 

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