Oil coke

Decreasing the specific heat of combustion increases the amount of the coke that must be burned the coke component that increases is essentially the cat-to-od coke, which is increased by increasing the catalyst circulation rate. Cat-to-oil coke can be expressed as (20) ... 

Petrol-koks, m. petroleum coke, oil coke, -pech, n. petroleum pitch, -saure, /. petrolic acid. 

Catalytic Alteration Catalytic Upgrade Gas oil, coke, Gasoline,... 

Fuel oils -coking of [FUELS, SYNTHETIC - GASEOUS FUELS] (Vol 12) -from crude oil [PETROLEUM - NOMENCLATURE IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY] (Vol 18) -fuel for incinerators [INCINERATORS] (Vol 14) -zirconium salts of sulfonic acids for [SULFONIC ACIDS] (Vol 23)... 

Because of obvious (and not-so-obvious) dangers involved, it is the teacher who does the firing in the activities in Chapter 4. In schools, electric kilns are usually chosen for firing because fuel-fired kilns require wood, natural gas, oil, coke, coal, or charcoal as fuel, as well as chimney ventilation systems. Electric kilns also require ventilation systems, such as negative pressure systems and a canopy hood, but the placement is more flexible than room placement for a fuel-fired kiln with a chimney ventilation system. 

Catalyst deactivation by coke deposition is a major concern in upgrading coal-derived oils. Coke forms as a results of a sequence of side reactions which may be simplified as follows ... 

Cenospheres and oil coke are formed as a result of liquid phase cracking reactions, and, with the exception of ash, account for the major portion of the weight of particulate matter emitted when burning heavy fuel oils. Fuel composition and atomization quality appear to be the dominant parameters controlling ceno-sphere formation. 

Fuel Gas, H2S Gasoline Light Cycle Oil Heavy Cycle Oil Coke, SOx... 

Combined Gas, Soot, and Particulate Emission In a mixture of emitting species, the emission of each constituent is attenuated on its way to the system boundary by absorption by all other constituents. The transmissivity of a mixture is the product of the transmissivities of its component parts. This statement is a corollary of Beer s law. For present purposes, the transmissivity of species k is defined as xk = 1 — Et. For a mixture of combustion products consisting of carbon dioxide, water vapor, soot, and oil coke or char particles, the total emissivity eT at any wavelength can therefore be obtained from... 

In the chloride process natural rutile ore or synthetic rutile with a Ti02-content of up to 96% is chlorinated in a fluidized bed reactor with oil-coke and chlorine. The raw TiCl4 produced is mixed with reducing agents to convert impurities, such as vanadium oxychloride, to lower valency state vanadium compounds. The titanium tetrachloride formed is then distilled yielding titanium tetrachloride in... 

Occluded or Cat/Oil Coke This coke results from carryover of hydrocarbons adsorbed in the catalyst pores and by incomplete stripping in the stripper. It can be reduced by shifting the pore size distribution to higher values by ... 

Catalytic cracking is widely used in modern petroleum refineries to increase the yield of gasoline by craeking heavy gas oil. Coke, which destroys the catalyst activity, is rapidly deposited on the catalyst during the cracking step. Burning of the coke in the regeneration reactor to restore catalytic activity is an important example of a noncatalytic gas-solid reaction. 

Ammonia is the principal component in the fertilizer production. The world ammonia capacity for 1995-1996 is estimated at 123,640,000 tons of nitrogen per year [70], Ammonia plants are high energy consumers, and selection of the feedstocks is the most important factor in determining the capital investment and production costs. The availability and cost of raw materials are factors to be taken into account when deciding on the construction of a new ammonia plant. The primary feedstocks for ammonia production include natural gas, naphtha, heavy residual oil, coke gas, and coal. Of all these feedstocks, natural gas is the raw material of choice when available because it ensures minimum investment and production costs, a plant that is easy to operate, and minimal environmental problems. Therefore, steam reforming of natural gas has become the most widespread process for ammonia production. 

Figure 4. The effect of oil coking on the H/C atomic ratio and nitrogen content of the shale oil. Coking reduces the alkene and aromatic nitrogen content of the oil.

Figure 10. Mechanism for oil generation and degradation developed at LLNL. Oil coking occurs inside the particles whereas oil cracking and combustion occur mostly outside the particles.

Oil coking can be minimized by decreasing the liquid-phase residence time, which, in turn, can be accomplished by using high pyrolysis temperatures and/or an inert sweep gas (9). Because 1-alkene/n-alkane ratios depend on pyrolysis temperature and heating rate, they are good indicators of oil coking (16, 25,... 

FIGURE 11.3. Gain in tube weight as a function of temperature for lubricating oil coking... 

Takatsuka et al [1989] Residual oil Coke formation is kinetics control None considered Predicts the effects of major operation conditions, i.e. velocity, surface temperature, etc. of cracking furnaces on tubular fouling... 

The NTP report also lists many poorly defined materials such as soots, tars, mineral oils, coke oven emissions, etc. These materials are not included here. 

Industrial chemical processes manufacture products that differ in chemical content from process feeds, which are naturally occurring raw materials, plant or animal matter, intermediates, chemicals of commerce, or wastes. Great Canadian Oil Sands, Ltd. (GCOS), in a process shown in Fig. 1.1, produces naphtha, kerosene, gas oil, fuel gas, plant fuel, oil, coke, and sulfur from Canadian Athabasca tar sands, a naturally occurring mixture of sand grains, fine clay, water, and a crude hydrocarbon called bitumen. This is one of a growing number of processes designed to produce oil products from feedstocks other than petroleum. 

Blaugas Coal Coal briquettes, hot Coal gas, 2.3 Coal gas, compressed, 2.1, 2.3 Coal tar, crude and solvent Coal tar distillates, flammable, 3, 3.2,3.3 Coal tar naphtha Coal tar oil Coke, hot Creosote Creosote (coal tar or wood tar) Creosote salts Cresols (o-, m-, p-), 6.1, 8 Cresols (ortho- meta- para-), liquid or solid, 6.1 Dead oil Fischer Tropsch gas Fischer-Tropsch gas compressed, 2.2 Iron oxide, spent (obtained fix)m coal gas purification), 4.2 Iron sponge, spent, 4.2 Iron sponge, spent (obtained from coal gas purification), 4.2 Prilled coal tar Synthesis gas Synthesis gas, compressed Water gas Water gas, compressed... 

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