Oil Biology

Solubility/miscibility Miscible with water, ethanol, DMFO, vegetable oils Biological considerations Orally, will produce transient ( 4 li) neurobehavioral intoxication. Repeated dermal use will lead to defatting of skin at application site. Oral LD50 (rats) = 10.7 ml kg Higher doses can cause systemic acidosis... 

Solubility/miscibility Insoluble in water and ethanol. Soluble in ether and oils Biological considerations Aspiration may cause lipoid pneumonia Chemical compatibility/Stability considerations Flammable Uses (routes) Oral, vaginal, rectal, dermal. Suspending agent... 

Solubility/miscibility Generally very soluble or miscible in water. Soluble in ethanol, com oil, and olive oil. Insoluble in mineral oil Biological considerations Surfactant. May cause micelle formation, with incumbent effects on bioavailability if included at concentrations of 1% or higher. May be associated with irritation if given intravenously or intramuscularly. Dogs have the peculiarity that Tweens injected parenterally induce the spontaneous systemic release of histamine. This response is particularly striking with IV injection, and therefore Tweens should not be used as components of IV vehicles in dogs... 

Several models have been suggested for the estimation of the distribution ratios of nonionic solutes between water and (practically) immiscible organic solvents. One model takes 1-octanol to represent, in general, lipophilic ( fat-liking ) media, which hydrophobic ( water-fearing ) solutes would prefer over water. Such media may be oils, biological lipid membranes, and, somewhat less suitably, hydrocarbon solvents. 

Summons R. E. and Powell T. G. (1987) Identification of aryl isoprenoids in source rocks and crude oils biological markers for the green sulphur bacteria. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51, 557-566. 

The focus of the work of many of the articles published in the last 10 years by researchers in the field of essential oil biological activity is on the activity to inhibit microorganisms. Over a third (out of 220) of the articles obtained from a recent literature search dealt with antimicrobial activity, either against bacteria or fungi or both. Essential oil activity for the inhibition of bacteria and/or fungi was determined, usually followed by an investigation of the activity of the individual components. Sometimes the activities associated with the essential oils from various plant varieties, with different amounts of constituents, were compared. 

Honeybees are very important for the pollination of both cultivated and native plants, and then understand the relationship between the collection of floral products (nectar, pollen, resins and oils), biology and behaviour of these insects help making better use for making bee products and agricultural products. Spectrophotometry is a tool to quantify and identify the components of floral products used by bees, especially nectar. These tests allow checking the correlation between the type and intensity of nectar in flower visitation by bees. 

Dikshit, A., A.K. Singh, R.D. Tripathi, et al., 1979. Fungitoxic and phytotoxic studies of some essential oils. Biolog. Bull. India, 1 45-51. 

Industrial Crops and Products. 1992- Amsterdam Elsevier (0926-6690). Online ScienceDirect. Focuses on the development, production, harvesting, storage, and processing of nonfood crops for industrial uses, including applications of pharmaceuticals, lubricants, fuels, fibers, essential oils, biologically active materials, and uses for industrial crop... 

The aim of this book is to discuss the many topics related to crude oil. It includes five sections. The first section deals with asphaltenes-these are natural surfactants that stabilize petroleum emulsions. The chapters of the second section discuss some advanced methods used in characterization of crude oil and it s components. The third section includes and publishes new discoveries and improvements in crude oil biology. The fourth section discusses the natural components presented in crude oil and those factors affecting crude oil stability. The final chapter involves some innovative ideas and concepts related to the crude oil. 

On the environmental side, it turns out that the surfaces of oceans and lakes are usually coated with natural films, mainly glycoproteins [8]. As they are biological in origin, the extent of such films seems to be seasonal. Pollutant slicks, especially from oil spills, are of increasing importance, and their cleanup can present interesting surface chemical problems. 

As has been noted, much of the interest in hlms of proteins, steroids, lipids, and so on, has a biological background. While studies at the air-water interface have been instructive, the natural systems approximate more closely to a water-oil interface. A fair amount of work has therefore been reported for such interfaces in spite of the greater experimental difhculties. 

Fatty acids normally occur naturally as esters fats oils phospholipids and waxes all are unique types of fatty acid esters There is however an important class of fatty acid derivatives that exists and carries out its biological role m the form of the free acid This class of fatty acid derivatives is described m the following section... 

Sterols. Sterols (4) are tetracycHc compounds derived biologically from terpenes. They are fat-soluble and therefore are found in small quantities in fats and oils. Cholesterol [57-88-5] (4a) is a common constituent in animal fats such as lard, tallow, and butterfat. The hydroxyl group can be free or esterified with a fatty acid. 

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