Of propanol

A much greater yield can be had if the chemist uses carbitol as a solvent instead of propanol [62]. Carbitol is a really hazardous solvent and should not be breathed or placed on one s skin. The reaction proceeds exactly as before except that after 24 hours of reflux and cooling the mixture is slowly poured into 1500mL ice cold dH20. The upper solvent layer is separated and the aqueous layer extracted with 200mL ether which is then combined with that upper solvent layer. The combined solvent portions are vacuum distilled to afford safrole-azide (or phenylisopropyi-azide for amphetamine) with the yield rising to 70%. 

In this process, the fine powder of lithium phosphate used as catalyst is dispersed, and propylene oxide is fed at 300°C to the reactor, and the product, ahyl alcohol, together with unreacted propylene oxide is removed by distihation (25). By-products such as acetone and propionaldehyde, which are isomers of propylene oxide, are formed, but the conversion of propylene oxide is 40% and the selectivity to ahyl alcohol reaches more than 90% (25). However, ahyl alcohol obtained by this process contains approximately 0.6% of propanol. Until 1984, ah ahyl alcohol manufacturers were using this process. Since 1985 Showa Denko K.K. has produced ahyl alcohol industriahy by a new process which they developed (6,7). This process, which was developed partiy for the purpose of producing epichlorohydrin via ahyl alcohol as the intermediate, has the potential to be the main process for production of ahyl alcohol. The reaction scheme is as fohows ... 

Huffman found that treatment of cholan-12-one (65b) with lithium and ammonia for 2 hours followed by addition of propanol gives 40 % of a pinacol together with 48.5 % of 12-ols in which the ratio of 12j5 12a is 19 1. This predominance of the 12 -ol was interpreted in terms of slow formation of a dianion of type (62) followed by its equilibration to the thermodynamically most stable configuration, i.e. one which affords the 12j5-ol upon protonation. An alternative explanation is that reduction in the presence of methanol involves protonation of a ketyl such as (61) by methanol, whereas in the absence of methanol reduction proceeds via the dianion (62) which is protonated on... 

Partial replacement of ethanol by methanol has nearly no effect. In the case of propanol an increase in grafting is visible. This can be attributed to the mixing of higher carbon alcohols, e.g., butanol and isobutanol, with the active solvent methanol, which increases the miscibility of the monomer in these grafting systems and, consequently, increases the penetration of monomer to the active sites on the cellulose chains. 

Balance the half-reaction involved in the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid. Compare the number of electrons released per mole of ethanol with the number per mole of methanol in the equivalent reaction (73c). How many electrons would be released per mole of propanol in the oxidation to propionic acid ... 

Fig. 5. Determination of the composition of the equilibrium clathrate of hydroquinone and methanol at 25°C with the aid of -propanol as an auxiliary solvent. The figure at the bottom illustrates the method used for determining the position of the side CA of the three-phase area A CD.

The observation that in the case of PCSO there is no formation of propanol while allyl alcohol is formed from ACSO agrees with the resonance stabilization of the allyl radical60 and hence weaker bond for S-allyl than for S-propyl. The yield of allyl alcohol from irradiation of ACSO is considerably greater than that from S-allyl-L-cysteine, probably due to energy delocalization by the four p electrons of the S atom. 

Analysis of reaction mixtures for 1-propanol and 2-propanol following incubation of NDPA with various rat liver fractions in the presence of an NADPH-generating system is shown in Table I ( ). Presence of microsomes leads to production of both alcohols, but there was no propanol formed with either the soluble enzyme fraction or with microsomes incubated with SKF-525A (an inhibitor of cytochrome P450-dependent oxidations). The combined yield of propanols from 280 ymoles of NDPA was 6.1 ymoles and 28.5 ymoles for the microsomal pellet and the 9000 g supernatant respectively. The difference in the ratio of 1- to 2-propanol in the two rat liver fractions may be due to differences in the chemical composition of the reaction mixtures (2) Subsequent experiments have shown that these ratios are quite reproducible. For comparison, Table I also shows formation of propanols following base catalyzed decomposition of N-propyl-N-nitrosourea. As expected (10,11), both propanol isomers were formed, the total yield in this case being almost quantitative. 

Fie. concentration of gaseous products at various concentrations of propanol-2 and N O in a... 

Solvents of high viscosity. A reduced viscosity of the mixture results in an increased migration rate, less diffusion and, thus, a focused band. For example, it is advantageous to select methanol instead of propanol because of its lower viscosity. 

Atkin, G. E., and Ferdinand, W., Accelerated amino acid analysis studies on the use of lithium citrate buffers and the effect of //-propanol, in the analysis of physiological fluids and protein hydrolyzates, Anal. Biochem., 38, 313,1970. 

A second step concerns the TPSR in the presence of flowing NO (150 ppm), 02 (8vol.%), complement N2, in the absence of propanol, to simulate a TPSR reaction in the presence of NO/C3H7OH/02, where NO is oxidized to N02 ads reacting with C3H7OHads to lead to RNO ads. 

During propionitrile manufacture by oxidative amination of propanol, nitric acid was used for neutralisation. This eventually led to concentration of nitrates, which exploded, at the bottom of the final distillation column [1], Many amines form highly crystalline nitrates, which are usually explosive once isolated. 

Shevlin and coworkers30 studied the radiolysis-induced addition of the a-hydroxy isopropyl radical to substituted 1,6-heptadienes and analogs containing a heteroatom. The radical was generated by /-irradiation of propanol solutions of various 1,6-heptadienes. It was found that the adduct to the double bond decomposed to give a compound containing a five-membered ring (equation 26). 

A series of steady-state fluorescence experiments were performed in mixtures of propanol and glycerol to investigate the effect of viscosity on the effective second order photosensitization rate constant, k2. Figure 3 illustrates that the effective rate constant decreases as the viscosity of the system is increased. For example, as the reaction solvent is changed from pure propanol to pure glycerol, the viscosity of the system rises by three orders of magnitude, while the effective reaction rate coefficient, k2, decreases by approximately one order of magnitude. 

The reactions of small cluster cations of copper and silver, Cu and Ag (n = 1-5), with methanol, ethanol, the two isomers of propanol, and the four isomers of butanol have been studied in a FT-ICR mass spectrometer (200). The ions were produced by FAB and exited through a small hole that aided the clustering process. Once in the cell, the ions were collisionally cooled with argon and allowed to react with the alcohols (3-100 x 10 6 Pa) for periods up to 60 s. The Cu4 ion was produced but was of insufficient abundance for reactivity studies. 

The shift of the fluorescence spectrum as a function of time reflects the reorganization of propanol molecules around the excited phthalimide molecules, whose dipole moment is 7.1 D instead of 3.5 D in the ground state (with a change in orientation of 20°). The time evolution of this shift is not strictly a single exponential. 

Fig. 6.11 Optical microscopy of the surface lary forces during drying of propanol [Lei 9]. of a 25 pm thick micro PS layer on the Si sub- (c) SEM micrograph of a disintegrated micro strate, showing (a) crack formation in the wet PS film formed at high current density...

Tranesterification involves the conversion of one ester into another. In this process, a less volatile alcohol replaces a more volatile alcohol. For example, heating an excess of ethanol with a methyl ester while rapidly removing the more volatile methanol as it forms results in transesterification. An acid catalyst facilitates the reaction, which is illustrated in Figure 12-24. To produce a propyl ester, the action of propanol on either a methyl ester or an ethyl ester would work. 

The addition of ethylene to a CO-H flow on a Rh-CeO catalyst (fig. 4), which should enhance the surface concentration of C H groups increased the formation of propanol and propionaldehyde and decreased the ethanol and acetaldehyde production. 

Nation 7.4-nm-diameter Ag particles Silver ions are spontaneously reduced in basic air-saturated solutions of propanol in the presence of powdered Nafion 62... 

This is easily done if R is propyl, because the azeotrope of water and propan-l-ol boils at a temperature well below the boiling point of the propanol, so one can distill off this azeotrope up a fractionating column until the temperature of the vapor reaches the boiling point of propanol. When this is done with an arsonoacetic acid, decarboxylation results. It may be that that hydron is involved, as shown in Fig. 13, since the reaction does not proceed if one starts with a monoanion of the arsonoacetic acid. 

---