Of inulin

Bio-Gel P-6 and a combined system of P-6/S-200 were utilized for investigations of inulin-type /3(2- l)-linked nb fructans. With a flow rate of 0.33 mP min, each separation of a sample volume of 1 ml of a 20- to 30-mg/ml concentrated solution typically lasted 20 hr, i.e., one run per day. Both systems (P-6 and P-6/S-200) maintained stability for approximately 1 year, equivalent to approximately 100 runs. 

Treatment of inulin or D-fructose with liquid HF (neat or diluted with liquid SOj) gave a mixture of six di-D-fructose dianhydrides, including 23, 25, 27, and )3-D-fructofuranosyl ) -D-fructopyranose 2,l 3,2 -dianhydride... 

D-Fructose Fruit juices. Honey. Hydrolysis of cane sugar and of inulin (from the Jerusalem artichoke). Can be changed to glucose in the liver and so used in the body. Hereditary fructose intolerance leads to fructose accumulation and hypoglycemia. 

Christian, T.J. et al.. Kinetics of formation of di-D-difructose dianhydrides dining thermal treatments of inulin, J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 1823, 2000. 

Li YF, Liu YQ, Ming Y, et al. The cytoprotective effect of inulin-type hexasaccharide extracted from Morinda officinalis on PC 12 cells against the lesion induced by corticosterone. Life Sci 2004 75 1531-1538. 

Explain how plasma clearance of inulin is used to determine glomerular filtration rate... 

A substance that fulfills these criteria is inulin, a polysaccharide found in plants. Inulin is administered intravenously to a patient at a rate that results in a constant plasma concentration over the course of at least 1 h. The urine is collected and its volume and concentration of inulin are measured. 

Because inulin is neither reabsorbed nor secreted, all of the inulin in the urine was filtered at the glomerulus. Therefore, the plasma clearance of inulin is equal to the GFR. 

The filtration fraction is the percent of the plasma flowing through the nephrons that is filtered into the tubules. It is calculated using the plasma clearance of inulin (GFR) and the plasma clearance of PAH (ERPF) ... 

Petkevicius, S., Bach Knudsen, K. E., Murrell, K. D. and Wachmann, H. (2003). The effect of inulin and sugar beet fibre on Oesophagostomum dentatum infection in pigs . Parasitology, 127, 61-68. 

Preparation of Inulin. Comminute the tubers or roots in a food chopper or similar appliance and express the juice with a tincture press, using, if necessary, a small portion of water to complete the extraction. Heat the juice to 60-70° and add milk of lime to about pH 8. Filter and adjust the pH to 7 with oxalic acid. Heat to 70-80°, add activated carbon and filter. Allow the filtrate to stand quiescent overnight, during which time the inulin separates in the form of small spheroids. The yield may be increased by freezing the solution and allowing it to thaw at a low temperature. Filter and wash the inulin with abundant quantities of cold water. 

The moist cake of inulin has at this point a dry substance content of 35-40%. It can be purified by dissolving in hot water to a concentration of about 15-18%, treating with carbon, filtering, and allowing to separate again by chilling. 

A procedure that is described by Tollens and Eisner4 is probably suitable for materials less pure than fresh dahlia juices. The juice is expressed in the presence of calcium carbonate, fermented at 25° with baker s yeast, defecated with lead acetate and filtered. After removal of the excess lead with hydrogen sulfide, the filtrate is frozen and thawed to cause the separation of inulin. 

Jackson and McDonald13 analyzed samples of inulin from various sources. They obtained a uniform product by recrystallization from water, irrespective of the source. Since they determined total solids by refractive index and density measurements on the hydrolyzed inulin, they were not concerned with its crystalline form nor with its moisture content. 

Inulin Acetate. Stir 100 g. of inulin in 1,000 ml. of pyridine at 80° for forty-five minutes. Cool, while continuing the stirring, and to the clear solution add dropwise 180 ml. of acetic anhydride. After six hours more of stirring, pour the clear solution into 10 liters of water. The inulin acetate separates as a white solid. Filter and wash repeatedly with distilled water to remove the pyridine and acetic anhydride. Purify the dried crude product by dissolving in ten times its weight of hot methyl alcohol and filtering. Inulin acetate separates from the cold solution as a fine white powder [ajj20 = — 34° (c = 1.5, chloroform), [o ]d20 = — 43° (c = 1.8, acetic acid). 

Inulin is therefore made up of D-fructofuranose residues joined through carbons 1 and 2. The properties of inulin point to a symmetrical arrangement and hence carbon 2 of each D-fructose residue is joined to carbon 1 of an adjacent one. 

Bergmann opened the meeting and brought forth the argument that the classic theory of Kekule chains was inappropriate to explain the macroproperties of inulin and in general proteins. 

As an example he referred to "psuedo-high molecular weight" inorganic complexes. In a similar fashion, Pringsheim discussed the nature of inulin and other polysaccharides. Bergmann and Pringsheim cited the work of P. Karrer, K. Hess, and R. Pummerer and referred to primary and secondary bonding as proposed by Werner. 

There are several examples of one-pot reactions with bifunctional catalysts. Thus, using a bifunctional Ru/HY catalyst, water solutions of corn starch (25 wt.%) have been hydrolyzed on acidic sites of the Y-type zeolite, and glucose formed transiently was hydrogenated on ruthenium to a mixture of sorbitol (96%), mannitol (1%), and xylitol (2%) [68]. Similarly a one-pot process for the hydrolysis and hydrogenation of inulin to sorbitol and mannitol has been achieved with Ru/C catalysts where the carbon support was preoxidized to generate acidic sites [69]. Ribeiro and Schuchardt [70] have succeeded in converting fructose into furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid with 99% selectivity at 72% conversion in a one-pot reaction... 

The substantial amounts of this ketohexose are mainly prepared by base-catalyzed isomerization of starch-derived glucose, yet may also are generated by hydrolysis of inulin, a fructooligosaccharide. An aqueous solution of fructose—consisting of a mixture of all four cyclic tautomers (Figure 2.5), of which only the (3-D-pyranose ((3-p) form present to about 73% at room temperature is sweet — about 1.5 times sweeter than an equimolar solution of sucrose hence, it is widely used as a sweetener for beverages ( high fructose syrup ). 

On this point, the findings were mixed, as a significant increase in fractional Ca absorption p <. 01) resulting from consumption of 8 g/day of a blend of inulin and FOS was measured in the Houston cohort however, no significant effect was observed in the Omaha cohort. No gastrointestinal issues associated with the use of inulin were reported for these studies. 

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