Of ciprofloxacin

The complexation of 6, ciprofloxacin, and lomefloxacin with metals ions were studied in aqueous solution (pD 2.5 37 °C) by and NMR spectroscopy (99MI18). Titration experiments have revealed that the binding ability of 6 towards Al " " ion is much stronger than that of ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin. Other metal ions (Ca " " and Mg " ") formed much weaker complexes. 

Wetzstein H-G, M Stadler, H-V Tichy, A Dalhoff, W Karl (1999) Degradation of ciprofloxacin by basidiomycetes and identification of metabolites generated by the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum striatum. Appl Environ Microbiol 65 1556-1563. 

An example for the application of this calculation is given in Table 5.4 which shows the results of a collaborative trial for the establishment of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride CRS 2. The uncertainty was calculated to be o.ii %. 

Reference Substances and Spectra for Pharmaceutical Analysis 1185 Tab. 54 Uncertainty of the assigned value of ciprofloxacin HCl CRS 2... 

The current drug of choice for typhoid fever is a fluoroquinolone, such as ciprofloxacin. The recommended dose of ciprofloxacin for uncomplicated typhoid is 500 mg orally twice daily for 5 to 7 days. Drug resistance is a recognized... 

For most patients, antimicrobial treatment can be completed orally with amoxicillin-clavulanate or the combination of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole. 

The WHO and CDC recommended treatment regimens are shown in Table 77-5.37 There has been some debate about a suitable dosage of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chancroid. Though the CDC recommends 500 mg orally three times daily, the WHO supports a single 500-mg oral dose. Ciprofloxacin has demonstrated an acceptable cure rate for a single dose (92%) when compared to erythromycin (91%). 

Metabolism of ciprofloxacin by Pestalotiopsis guepini yielded /V-acetylcipro-floxacin (the most abundant metabolite), desethylene-W-acetylciprofloxacin, A-formylciprofloxacin, and 7 -amino-1 -cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-... 

Cuevas LE, Kazembe P, Mughogho GK, Til-lotson GS, Hart CA Eradication of nasopharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in children and adults in rural Africa A comparison of ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. J Infect Dis 1995 171 728-731. 

Arnold GL, Beaves MR, Prydun VO, Mook WJ Preliminary study of ciprofloxacin in active Crohn s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2002 8 10-15. 

A 36-year-old female with a chronic UT1 treated with ciprofloxacin is not responsive to the antibiotic. Which of the following agents that she might have been taking for other reasons would decrease the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin ... 

The answer is a. (Katzung, p 1124J Decreased gastrointestinal absorption of ciprofloxacin occurs with antacids because of their ability to adsorb the fluoroquinolone. Other preparations containing divalent ions, such as iron, will impede fluoroquinolone absorption. 

Avoid jejunal administration of ciprofloxacin Monitor clinical response Adjust warfarin dose based on international normalized ratio... 

Further development in the chemistry of oxazolidinone antibacterials was based mainly on the assumption that the 4-pyridyl moiety of one of Dupont s lead compounds, E-3709, might be amenable to replacement by suitably saturated heterocyclic bioisosteres [48]. This assumption was based on an example in which successful replacement of the piperazine ring system in the quinolone antibacterials, such as ciprofloxacin, with a pyridine fragment, such as seen in Win-57273, results in improvement of both the antibacterial and the pharmacokinetic profiles of the compounds. Similarly, as in the case of ciprofloxacin and Win-57273, it was predicted that the presence of a small but highly electron-withdrawing fluorine atom would be tolerated at the meta position(s) of the central phenyl ring, and would confer enhanced antibacterial activity and/or other desirable properties to the targeted oxazolidinones, as shown in Fig. 3. 

Snitkoff et al. [75] reported the development of an EIA for the detection of ciprofloxacin in serum, which was sensitive at picogram per milliliter levels of the antibiotic and no cross-reaction with its metabolites was observed. Gobbo et al. [118] recently described the production of PAb for ciprofloxacin with the aim of detecting fluoroquinolones in Brazilian livestock. On the other hand, Bucknall et al. [77] produced antibodies for quinolones and fluoroquinolones with the aim of developing both generic and specific immunoassays. ELISAs for ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, flumequine, and nalidixic acid were developed with sensitivity values around 4 pg kg 1 (on both the generic and specific assays) in bovine milk and ovine kidney. 

In a study aimed at examining both the electronic influence of attaching a phenyl ring to the cyclopropyl ring of ciprofloxacin and the tolerance to this added steric bulk, the enantiomeric fraiu-disubstituted cyclopropane analogues (60) and (61) were prepared [94]. In general, the (1 S,2R)-enantiomer (61) is... 

In January 2001, at least 25 similar threats were received across Canada and the U.S. A typical case occurred at a Wal-Mart in Victoria, British Columbia, when a letter claiming to contain anthrax was received. Fortunately the letter did not contain anthrax, but before that could be conclusively established, the clerk who opened the letter received a precautionary dose of ciprofloxacin. 

Rodriguez-Ibanez M, Sanchez-Castano G, Montalar-Montero M, Garrigues TM, Bermejo M and Merino V (2006) Mathematical Modelling of In Situ and In Vitro Efflux of Ciprofloxacin and Grepafloxacin. Int J Pharm 307 pp 33-41. 

There has also been a report regarding the active transport of antibacterial agents in oral mucosa. In a cell line derived from oral epithelium, the uptake of ciprofloxacin and minocycline was not only saturable and inhibited in the presence of other compounds, but the intracellular levels of both antibiotics were 8 10-fold higher than the extracellular levels as well, demonstrating an active transport process [18]. Whether the permeability of these compounds across the entire oral mucosa occurs via an active transport process, however, remains to be determined. 

Brayton JJ, Yang Q, Nakkula RJ, Walters JD (2002) An in vitro model of ciprofloxacin and minocycline transport by oral epithelial cells. J Periodontol 73 1267-1272... 

Reinoso RF, Sanchez-Navarro A, Lanao JM (1999) Distribution of ciprofloxacin in the isolated rat lung in the presence and absence of tissue oedema. Eur J Pharm Sci 8 203-209. 

H. Polachek, G. Holcberg, G. Sapir, M. Tsadkin-Tamir, J. Polachek, M. Katz, and Z. Ben-Zvi. Transfer of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and levofloxacin across the perfused human placenta in vitro. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 122 61-65 (2005). 

Wong JP, Yang H, Blasetti KL, Schnell G, Conley J, Schofield LN. Liposome delivery of ciprofloxacin against intracellular Francisella tularensis infection. J Controlled Release 2003 92 265-273. 

The experimental procedure below describes the uptake of ciprofloxacin into sphingomyelin (SPM)/Chol LUVs. Drug delivery vehicles prepared from SPM/Chol often exhibit greater efficacy than those prepared from DSPC/Chol (13). Included is a description of the Bligh-Dyer extraction procedure (78), which involves partitioning the lipid and water-soluble drug into organic solvent and aqueous layers, respectively. This is necessary because lipid interferes with the ciprofloxacin assay. 

Remote Loading of Ciprofloxacin into SPM/Cholesterol Large Unilamellar Vesicles... 

Ciprofloxacin (Bayer Corporation) is often loaded at a D/L ratio of 0.3mol mol. After preparation of a ciprofloxacin standard solution (4mM in water), 5 pmol of lipid and 1.5 pmol of ciprofloxacin are pipetted into a glass test tube (or plastic Ependorf tube), adding saline to give a final volume of 1 mL (5 mM lipid concentration). This solution is incubated at 65°C for 30 minutes, with aliquots (50-100 pL) withdrawn at appropriate time points (0, 5, 15, and 30 minutes) and applied to a spin column [centrifuge at 2000 rpm (x670g) for two minutes]. An aliquot (50 pL) of the initial lipid-drug mixture is saved for determination of initial D/L. 

The observation that improved remote loading of ciprofloxacin could be achieved using ammonium sulfate solutions rather than sodium citrate buffers highlighted the need for further investigation and development of drug-loading methodologies. In this section, we examine an approach in... 

Bakker-Woudenberg lA, ten Kate MT, Guo L, Working P, Mouton JW. Improved efficacy of ciprofloxacin administered in polyethylene glycol-coated liposomes for treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia in rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001 45 1487. 

Hope MJ, Wong KF. Liposomal formulation of ciprofloxacin. In Shek PN, ed. Liposomes in Biomedical Applications. Harwood Academic Publishers, 1995 121. 

Fenske DB, Wong KF, Maurer E, et al. lonophore-mediated uptake of ciprofloxacin and vincristine into large unilamellar vesicles exhibiting transmembrane ion gradients. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998 1414 188. 

Turiel E, Bordin G, Rodriguez AR (2005) Study of the evolution and degradation products of ciprofloxacin and oxolinic acid in river water samples by HPLC-UV/MS/MS-MS. J Environ Monit 7 189-195... 

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