Octane index

These compounds all have a high octane index and high water solubility (Table 1). 

In Germany, however, bioethanol will mainly be used as low blend of bioethanol and petrol (E5, ElO) and for the production of ETBE (ethyl-tertiary-butyl-ether). Similar to methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether (MTBE), ETBE is used to enhance the octane index and improve knock-resistance and combustion properties of gasoline." It is less challenging to handle, does not induce evaporation of gasoline and does not absorb moisture like ethanol does. ETBE is produced by reacting ethanol and isobutylene via acid catalyst ... 

However, there are cases where the acidity of the support influences positively the main reaction. In this case, the catalyst is bifunctional, and the best example is the reforming of hydrocarbons. The main objective of the reforming is the conversion of naphtha compounds with low octane number (paraffins and naphtenes) into branched or aromatic compounds with high octane index. 

The luminometer index (ASTM D 1740) is a characteristic that is becoming less frequently used. It is determined using the standard lamp mentioned above, except that the lamp is equipped with thermocouples allowing measurement of temperatures corresponding to different flame heights, and a photo-electric cell to evaluate the luminosity. The jet fuel under test is compared to two pure hydrocarbons tetraline and iso-octane to which are attributed the indices 0 and 100, respectively. The values often observed in commercial products usually vary between 40 and 70 the official specification is around 45 for TRO. 

The adjusted retention times for octane, toluene, and nonane on a particular GC column are 15.98 min, 17.73 min, and 20.42 min, respectively. What is the retention index for all three compounds ... 

Specific gravity at 2J C Refractive index Efficiency proportions Cold flex lemp.(°C) Volatility Water extraction (%)" hO OCtane extraction (%r ... 

Fraunhofer rules do not include the influence of refraction, reflection, polarization and other optical effects. Early Iziser particle analyzers used Fraunhofer approximations because the computers of that time could not handle the storage cuid memory requirements of the Mie method. For example, it has been found that the Fraunhofer-based instrumentation cannot be used to measure the particle size of a suspension of lactose (R.I. = 1.533) in iso-octane (R.I. = 1.391) because the relative refractive index is 1.10, i.e.- 1.533/1.391. This is due to the fact that diffraction of light passing through the particles is nearly the same as that passing around the particles, creating a combined interference pattern which is not indicative of the true... 

Some of the internal salts derived from /V-hcterocycles are dangerously explosive solids, sensitive to modest heating and to impact, also liable to violent spontaneous decomposition, even in solution. A related A-nitroimide (hetero-N—NH—NO2) was also explosive. It is possible the benzotriazolium imidates were also, in fact, the tautomeric nitroaminobenzotriazoles. None of their potassium salts exploded [1]. Related chemistry has been examined with a view to new explosives, in particular l,4-bis(nitroamino)-l,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, said to be surprisingly stable.The individually indexed unstable compounds are ... 

Aminabhavi, T.M. and Patil, V.B. Density, refractive index, viscosity, and speed of sound in binary mixtures of ethenylbenzene with hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, and dodecane, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42(3) 641-646, 1997. 

Now there are two octane scales, a research octane number (RON) and a motor octane number (MON). RON values reflect performance at 600 rpm, 125°F, and low speed. MON is a performance index of driving with 900 rpm, 300°F, and high speed. Before 1973 RON values were the ones usually... 

The reported octane number for a gasoline is actually a calculated average of the RON and MON. This value is called the Antiknock Index and is stated as follows ... 

Unzleman, George H. 1993. Cetane index EPA s control for aromatics. Octane Week, August 1, p. 7. 

The 100 Most Important Chemical Compounds focuses on 100 compounds, but references several hundred compounds. Structures and formula for compounds other than the 100 are included in the entries and listed in the index. Repetition of information was kept to a minimum by including representative compounds or the simplest compound in a chemical family and highlighting chemical properties that distinguish chemical groups. For example, there are entries for methane, ethane, butane, and octane but other alkanes such as pentane, hexane, and heptane are not included. Most personal names in the book include years of birth and... 

F-4 blending index Light hydroformate Toluene concentrate Xylene concentrate F-3 blending octane Light hydroformate Toluene concentrate Xylene concentrate... 

The process data are summarized in Table XI. The operation was conducted at a pressure of 250 pounds per square inch and a temperature of 934° F. The depentanized liquid product was fractionated into three cuts called preaviation, aviation, and postaviation blending agents. The yields of these three products were 22.8, 33.5, and 12.6 volume %, respectively. The aviation blending agent had an F-3 blending octane number (1-C) of 100 and an F-4 blending index number (3-C) of 216. The clear research oc-... 

The boiling point, refractive index, and density of the olefin derivative of any paraffin were shown, by use of Table III, to stand in the onier of their olefin type. Table X contains the engine data of the olefin derivatives of 2-methylpentane and 3-methylpentane, recorded in the order of their olefin type. No consistent relations between octane numbers or critical compression ratios are obvious—but the blending octane numbers of these branched olefins, as measured by both the research and Motor methods, do generally stand in the order of their type. Two olefins of type III form exceptions, the exceptions being in one case too high and in the other case too low. 

The Kovats retention index, /, for a linear alkane equals 100 times the number of carbon atoms. For octane, / = 800 and for nonane, 1 = 900. A compound eluted between octane and nonane (Figure 23-7) has a retention index between 800 and 900 computed by the formula... 

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