Object physiological response

Most patients tend to respond in a positive way to any therapeutic intervention by interested, caring, and enthusiastic medical personnel. The manifestation of this phenomenon in the subject is the placebo response (Latin, "I shall please") and may involve objective physiologic and biochemical changes as well as changes in subjective complaints associated with the disease. The placebo response is usually quantitated by administration of an inert material, with exactly the same physical appearance, odor, consistency, etc, as the active dosage form. The magnitude of the response varies considerably from patient to patient and may also be influenced by the duration of the study. Placebo adverse effects and "toxicity" also occur but usually involve subjective effects stomach upset, insomnia, sedation, and so on. 

The most generalized property of a polysaccharide semisolid dispersion is texture, for which there are any number of definitions (Bourne, 1982), each nevertheless suggesting a physiological response to physical stimuli (size, shape, flow, hardness, etc.). Objectively, this elusive property is measured as the force necessary to compress or puncture the test object. 

Physiological responses and, in particular, the catecholamines and their concomitant impacts on other physiological functions, such as blood pressure, heart rate, and lipolysis, may serve as objective indicators of the stress process. However, these bodily responses are also assumed to link psychosocial stress to increased health risks. 

Ityury from Shock and Impact. Physiological responses to shocks and objects impacting the body include those discussed for whole-body vibration. For small contact areas, the injuries are often related to the elastic and tensile limits of tissue (Haut, 1993 von Gierke et al., 2002). The respcmses are critically dependent on the magnitude, direction, and time history of the acceleration and forces entering the body, the posture, and on the nature of any body supports or restraints (e.g., seat belt or helmet). 

Biomarkers A biomarker is defined as a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic or pathogenic processes or as physiologic response to a therapeutic intervention. In clinical medicine, biomarkers are routinely used in disease diagnosis, prognostication, ongoing clinical decision-making, and follow-up to assess effects of therapy. 

There are various severity of illness scoring systems for sepsis and trauma (R11). Severity scoring can be used, in conjunction with other risk factors, to anticipate and evaluate outcomes, such as hospital mortality rate. The most widely used system is the Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) classification system (K12). The APACHE III was developed to more accurately predict hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults (K13). It provides objective probability estimates for critically ill hospitalized patients treated in intensive care units (ICUs). For critically ill posttrauma patients with sepsis or SIRS, another system for physiologic quantitative classification and severity stratification of the host defense response was described recently (R11). However, this Physiologic State Severity Classification (PSSC) has yet not been applied routinely in ICU setting. 

Sensory detection of a noxious stimulus is known as nociception. The perception of such a stimulus, nociceptive pain, is essentially the ouch pain we experience in response to a pinprick or touching a hot or very cold object. Nociceptive pain is an important physiological... 

The analysis of samples obtained from physiological matrices has been the object of many reports on the use of Rlk]. This use can be expected to expand in response to the need to understand the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of various pharmaceutical agents. In addition, the versatility of RPC will facilitate the analysis of various metabolites and,... 

The feasibility of informative experiments, whether in vitro or, if necessary, in vivo will depend mainly on the availability of model systems that are sufficiently well understood, and the coverage of the broad types of investigation, as in conventional toxicity experiments where the objective is to try to detect any effect and subsequently to decide whether it is toxic or pharmacological . The need to explore such major features as the concentration-response or dose-response relationship, speed of onset, duration of action and reversibility of effects and their upstream and downstream consequences on other physiological mechanisms, potential interactions with the physiological and pathophysiological status of the patient, and other treatments administered at the same time, will all affect the nature and number of the most relevant experiments. 

Like humans, ecosystems are exposed to multiple chemicals at any given time. This implies exposure of individuals, species, and ecosystems. The exposure conditions vary considerably, and are determined by the characteristics of the exposure medium as well as by physiological characteristics and behavior of the exposed species and individuals. The object of concern can be separate species, like protected birds, mammals, or butterflies, or it can be assemblages or communities of different organisms or ecosystems. The concern can pertain to the structure or the function of the system, or both. Stressors like mixture exposures may trigger a multitude of responses in ecosystems, including indirect effects due to changes in competition and predator-prey relationships. 

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