Processing stresses

Solid-state phase transitions usually take place at a slower rate than solution-mediated phase transitions because the motion of the molecules is restricted in the solid state. Processing stresses such as grinding [28], heating [28], humidity... 

The most commonly used philosophy is to design a test facility that simulates the relevant process stress. Examples of such test facilities are the various jet attrition test devices which are used in fluidization technology. 

Table 2 Properties of the Crystals or Particles that May Be Modified by the Processing Stresses that Are Imposed During the Manufacture of Solid Dosage Forms...

Crystal properties Processing stresses Manufacturing procedures... 

Processing stresses increase the (metastable) solubility by causing relatively small increases, represented by 8, in the Gibbs free energy. This increase in free energy, 8G, is related to the measured solubility values, Cs, according to... 

The concept of metastable solubility values is recognized by scientists familiar with processed (stressed) solids, but it is not well known to scientists accustomed to highly crystalline materials. Because of the relative sensitivity of... 

The results obtained on coupled transport processes stress the role of cocarrier systems capable of transporting several substrates and driven by physical and chemical energy sources. 

Short-term to improve stamina, concentration, healing process, stress resistance, vigilance, and work efficiency in healthy individuals... 

We have recently introduced embossing as a possibility to generate circular wrinkled patters [38], Here, the substrate is uniform, but in the embossing process, stresses vary locally. Thus, complex patterns like those depicted in Fig. 5 are feasible. 

Similar defence responses are provoked by other forms of stress (eg, air pollutants, herbicides, cold or drought stress, etc.). Analogous responses were also observed during natural plant senescence. It is a challenging hypothesis that several kinds of stress factors demonstrate a common site of action at the subcellular level (Clijsters et al., 1990) and might accelerate the process of plant senescence (Lee et al., 1976a Van Assche et al., 1990). Its further evaluation, however, needs the continuation of research on senescence processes, stress effects and metal action at several levels of organisation. 

M. Nakagaki, R. Agaki, Facilitated Transport of Ions in Asymmetric Membranes , Presented at Europe-Japan Congress on Membrane and Membrane Processes, Stress, Italy, 1984. 

FIGURE 12 A schematic representation of the mechanism of phase transformations as a result of processing stresses. Source From Ref. 37. 

The examples discussed above clearly demonstrate that C02-extraction is a more gentle procedure than steam distillation. The smaller processing stress widely avoids the formation of artefacts. Therefore C02-extracts often have a better efficacy or a richer aroma profile reflecting the complete flavour or fragrance spectrum of the herbal raw material. This is also confirmed in the literature where professional fla-vourists have compared the aroma profiles of C02-extracts, essential oils and oleores-ins for a range of different spices [7]. Moreover C02-extraction is carried out under precisely standardised and controlled conditions which allow reproducible results. Since C02-extracts have their own character different from the usual distillates, they are new and powerful means for flavourists and food technologists to modify, improve or boost existing products or to create new premium flavour qualities. 

Figure 2 Influence of processing stress(residual stress) on working stress (P-1.0)...

In essence, therefore, we are speaking about biochemical cellular processes, stressing the selective inhibition of cancer cell metabolism, by indigenous or exogenous agents, from within or without, and which, if and when and to the degree it works, may be referred to as a selective biochemical cure, or at least a therapy. 

PE or PP 3-block copolymer of styrene good processability, stress cracking resistance, Hoenl et al., 1993... 

Figure 16.10. Composition dependence of modulus, E, and yield stress, o, for blends of recycled PS/PO blends. The phase inversion concentration depends on the relative shear viscosity at the processing stress [Morrow et al., 1994].

It is accepted to call fractal reactions either fractal objects reactions or reactions in fractal spaces [135], The characteristic sign of such reactions is autodeceleration, that is, reaction rate reduction with its proceeding duration f [136]. Let us note, that for Euclidean reactions the linear kinetics and respectively the condition =const are typical [137], The fiactal reactions in wide sense of this term are very often found in practice (synthesis reactions, sorption processes, stress-strain curves and so on) [74]. The following relationship is the simplest and clearest for the indicated effect description [136] ... 

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