Nut-shell

Oxahc acid manufacture via the oxidation of carbohydrates is stiU actively pursued, especially in China (10—12). In India, processes which produce sihca and oxahc acid have been developed (13,14). The raw materials include agricultural wastes, such as rice husks, nut shell flour, com cobs, baggase, straw, etc. 

Other higher boiling phenolic bodies obtainable from coal tar distillates are sometimes used in the manufacture of oil-soluble resins. Mention may also be made of cashew nut shell liquid which contains phenolic bodies and which is used in certain specialised applications. 

During the past four decades phenolic resins have become of increased significance in rubber compounding. For example, the resin based on cashew nut shell liquid, which contains phenolic bodies such as anacardic acid (Figure 23.23), may, when blended with hexamine, be incorporated into nitrile rubber (butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber). 

Critoph and Turner [15] carried out similar direct measurements for ammonia and 208C (coconut shell based) carbon manufactured by Sutcliffe Speakman Carbons. The bed conductivity was found to be around 0.165 W/mK at concentrations less than 20% and to rise to 0.19 W/mK at 25% concentration. The corresponding grain conductivities rose from 0.85 to 1.25 W/mK respectively. The higher grain conductivity than that found by Gurgel and Grenier may reflect the different structures present within the extmded and nut shell carbons. 

Structural carbon shapes fabricated by heating coke with a mixture of tar and pitches are porous and are made impermeable by impregnation with a resin (usually a phenolic resin). Cashew nut shell liquid resin is used when resistance to alkalis and acids is required. 

Resol resins thermoset on heating and are used for adhesives. Novolacs require a further source of formaldehyde in the form of hexamethylenetetramine to produce molding powders. Phenolic moldings are resistant to heat, chemicals, and moisture with good electrical and heat insulation qualities. Complex phenols from, e.g., cashew-nut shell liquid, are used in making brake... 

Anacardium occidentalle L. Cashew nut shell Anacardic acid, Cardanol, Brazil, Tanzania, Kenya, Nigeria... 

Anacardium semecarpus Bhilawen nut shell liquid (Bhilawainol) India... 

Indian Cashew Nut Shell Liquid—A Versatile Industrial Raw Material of Great Promise—Regional Research Laboratory, Trivandrum and Cashew Export Promotion Council, Ernakulam (1983). 

Development of Value Added Polymer Resins Products from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid, Project report No. RT.09/MO/50, Regional Research Laboratory, Trivandrum (1987). 

Usually special solids, such as nut shells, limestone, expanded perlite, etc., are added to the drilling muds to fill or clog rock fractures in the open hole of a well. Most of these lost circulation materials can shorten the life of pump parts. They are especially hard on valves and seats when they accumulate on the seats or between the valve body and the valve disc. 

Substituted phenols such as cresols, p-fcrf-butylphenol, / -phcnylphenol, resorcinol, and cardanol (derived from cashew nut shells) have also been used as precursors for phenolic resins. Alkylphenols with at least three carbons in the substituent lead to more hydrophobic phenolic resins that are compatible with many oils, natural resins, and rubbers.7 Such alkylphenolic resins are used as modifying and crosslinking agents for oil varnishes, as coatings and printing inks, and as antioxidants and stabilizers. Bisphenol-A (2,2-p-hydroxyphenylpropane),... 

In a nut-shell Out knowledge of the direct COI of HIV/AIDS has strongly increased in the last 10 years. Depending on the level of care in a particular country, provider cost per case might be as high as US 25,000 p.a., and the discounted lifetime costs in the HAART era will be more than 100,000 US per case. There can be no doubt that AIDS will cause higher costs for the patients and his household, but we know almost nothing about these costs. 

Steam gasification and combustion kinetics of gingko nut shell in a Thermobalance Reactor... 

The analyses of the gingko nut shell used in this study are shown in Table 1. 

The thermo-gravimetric (TG) and differential thermo-gravimetric (DTG) curves of the gingko nut shell are shown in Fig. 2 where the moisture losses take place up to 200°C followed by the pyrolysis reaction. Then, the major weight loss due to the main degradation occurs at around 360°C. This zone is referred to as the active pyrolysis zone where the evolution of volatile compounds occurs during decomposition of the primary hemi-cellulose and cellulose [5]. 

The shrinking core and the volume-reaction models have been examined to interpret the conversion-time data of combustion and steam gasification of the gingko nut shell char [4]. The shrinking core model provides the better agreement with the experimental data. With the shrinking core model, the relationship between [1-(1-X) ] and the reaction time t at 350°C -... 

Fig. 3 Plot of the conversion fraction of the gingko nut shell char vs. the reaction time (s) in the gasification reaction. (H2O 0.4 atm).

Fig. 6 ComparisoB of the model Fig. 7 Arrhenius plot of the gasification rate predictions with the experimental data. for the gingko nut shell char. (HjOrO.datm)...

Therefore, the steam gasification reaction rate of the gingko nut shell-char can be represented by the following kinetic equation as ... 

Cardanol, a main component obtained by thermal treatment of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), is a phenol derivative having mainly the meta substituent of a C15 unsaturated hydrocarbon chain with one to three double bonds as the major. Since CNSL is nearly one-third of the total nut weight, a great amount of CNSL is obtained as byproducts from mechanical processes for the edible use of the cashew kernel. Only a small part of cardanol obtained in the production of cashew kernel is used in industrial fields, though it has various potential industrial utilizations such as resins, friction-lining materials, and surface coatings. Therefore, development of new applications for cardanol is very attractive. 

There are two main varieties of carbon (i) crystalline (e.g., graphite and diamond), and (ii) amorphous. The amorphous variety consists of carbon blacks and charcoals. Carbon blacks are nonporous fine particles of carbon produced by the combustion of gaseous or liquid carbonaceous material (e.g., natural gas, acetylene, oils, resins, tar, etc.) in a limited supply of air. Charcoals are produced by the carbonization of solid carbonaceous material such as coal, wood, nut shells, sugar, synthetic resins, etc. at about 600 °C in the absence of air. The products thus formed have a low porosity, but when activated by air, chlorine, or steam, a highly porous material is produced this porous product is called activated charcoal. Chemically speaking carbon blacks and charcoals are similar, the difference being only in physical aspects. Carbon blacks find use in the rubber industry and in ink manufacture. An important use of charcoals is as adsorbents. 

The processing of cashew nuts produces an enormous amount of cashew nut shells, which is a potential industrial waste that upon thermal treatment yields a dark-brown... 

Figure 10.2 Major components of cashew nut shell liquid.

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