Nuisance order

Problems associated with excessive levels of nutrients and unwanted nuisance species have already been mentioned. There are cases in which intentional fertilization is used by aquaculturists in order to produce desirable types of natural food for the species under culture. Examples of this approach include inorganic fertilizer appHcations in ponds to promote phytoplankton and zooplankton blooms that provide food for young fish such as channel catfish, the development of algal mats through fertilization of milkfish ponds, and the use of organic fertilizers (from Hvestock and human excrement) in Chinese carp ponds to encourage the growth of phytoplankton, macrophytes, and benthic invertebrates. In the latter instance, various species of carp with different food habits are stocked to ensure that all of the types of natural foods produced as a result of fertilization are consumed. 

A portion of the effluent is recirculated, ia order to smooth out flow, keep the food concentration constant, lower film thickness and control psychoda flies, and reseed the appHed sewage with acclimatized organisms. The psychoda, or filter fly is a very small iasect that breeds ia thick trickling-filter slimes. It does not bite, but can be a nuisance. Its radius of flight is small, but it can be carried great distances by the wiad. The fly can be controlled ia the development phase by occasional flooding of the filter or chlorination of the appHed sewage. 

Static electricity hazards and nuisances are typified by the generation of large potentials (0.1-100 kV) by small charging currents (0.01-100 pA) flowing in high resistance circuits (10 -10 Q). This in part differentiates static electricity from other electrical phenomena. For example, stray currents in low resistance circuits are typically of the order 1 A for potential differences of the order 1 volt (A-4-1.3). The electric field at any point in relation to a conductor is proportional to its potential, while magnetic field is proportional to... 

New furnaces have to be constructed (as far as is practicable) so as to operate smokelessly. Chimney heights are controlled (see below). Smoke Control Orders can be introduced (to control domestic smoke) and grants are available to convert fireplaces to burn authorized fuels. Smoke (other than dark smoke, which is already controlled) is dealt with by Section 16 of the 1956 Act and is, for the purposes of Part 111 of the 1936 Public Health Act, to be considered as a statutory nuisance. 

Intermittent filters are best suited to small applications which will allow the process to be stopped at intervals. The interval used is 4h (i.e. a morning or afternoon shift). Mechanical shaking is done by either hand or electric motor. The application of these filters is limited to the incoming dust burden of the order of 5 g/m and is known as nuisance dust. 

This process, according to the manufacturer,54 has been developed in such a way that space requirements are kept to a minimum. A BIOPAQ IC reactor is used as the initial step in the treatment process. The name of this anaerobic reactor is derived from the gas-lift driven internal circulation that is generated within a tall, cylindrical vessel. These reactors have been operational in the paper industry since 1996. The second step in the purification process is a mechanically mixed and aerated tank. The aerating injectors can be cleaned in a simple way without the need to empty the aeration tank. Potential scaling materials are combined into removable fine particles. At the same time, the materials that may cause an odor nuisance are oxidized into odorless components. The process can be completed by a third and a fourth step. The third step focuses on suspended solids recovery and removal. The fourth step is an additional water-softening step with lamella separation and continuous sand filters in order to produce fresh water substitute. The benefits claimed by the manufacturer are as follows54 ... 

Robustness of the process. Many transition metal-catalyzed reactions function well at the laboratory scale, but on scaling up substrate and product inhibition may be an issue, and sensitivity to impurities may also become apparent. Increasing the SCR, which is often necessary for the economics of the process, also increases the impurity catalyst ratio. It is also very important to keep the number of components to a minimum, as extraction, crystallization and distillation are the only economic means of purification. Ligands can be a nuisance in this respect, particularly if they are used in amounts over 5 mol%. Reproducibility also is a stringent requirement. Thus, possible inhibition mechanisms should be recognized in order to avoid unwanted surprises during production. 

Distance is a major factor in reducing nuisance noise and suitable spacing should be considered in the plant initial layout. The acceptable amount of noise generation should be specified on the purchase order for the equipment. Where sound levels cannot be alleviated by purchasing a different make of equipment, sound attenuation devices should be fitted (i.e., enclosures) as an alternative. 

While breaking of the carbon-to-phosphorus bond is a nuisance in catalysis with organometallic complexes, the breaking of carbon-to-nitrogen and -to-sulfur bonds is a desired reaction in the oil industry. Hydrodenitrification (HDN) and hydrodesulfurisation (HDS) are carried out on a large scale in order to remove nitrogen and sulfur from the fuel feedstocks. 

The aim of dispersion models is the prediction of atmospheric dilution of pollutants in order to prevent or avoid nuisance. Established dispersion models, designed for the large scale of industrial air pollution have to be modified to the small scale of agricultural pollutions. An experimental setup is described to measure atmospheric dilution of tracer gas under agricultural conditions. The experimental results deliver the data base to identify the parameters of the models, For undisturbed airflow modified Gaussian models are applicable. For the consideration of obstacles more sophisticated models are necessary,... 

The aim of dispersion models is to develop reliable methods for calculating the atmospheric dilution of airborne pollutants under practical conditions. One application in agriculture is the determination of that distance, at which i.g. odouriferous pollutants of an animal farm are diluted in the atmosphere to a concentration below a certain threshold, in order to allow the farmer a profitable production and likewise to prevent odour nuisance from the neighbourhood. 

Another application is the prediction of the effectiveness of changes in the emission source configuration, in order to reduce the odour nuisance in the existent vicinity. That could help to avoid expensive misinvestments. 

For most odour nuisance problems, chemical plants, refineries, livestock production, food processing, rendering, water purification plants etc., the compounds responsible for the odour are known. So chemical analysis of the odour can be limited to these odorants, and selective concentrating techniques can be used. Selective concentrating methods are based on specific absorption techniques, using particular chemical reactions of odorant classes. Sometimes several absorption methods have to be used in order to describe the odour problem, thus increasing the labor cost of the analysis. On the other hand absorption methods allow better quantitative results. Selective absorption of odorants from air produces a far less complex mixture. We developed or are developing several of these methods for aldehydes, amines, acids, thiols etc. 

The actual scope and limitations of chemical analysis of odour show that all problems can be tackled as far as emission is concerned. For immission measurements some progress is necessary, but there is no essential reason why chemical analysis would be unable to attain the desired sensitivity for all types of odorants. There is no doubt that in a few years the last difficulties will be solved. In order to achieve real control of odour nuisance, automatic measurement is necessary on a long time basis. There again some technical development is to be expected. 

In former times, rendering plants, well known for their odour pollutions, were banished to a site far away from human housings, in order to prevent odour nuisance. But in our time, various groups insist that modem rendering plants can be run without odour nuisance of the neighbourhood III. 

Water Reclamation Works by their very nature can, at times be the source of unpleasant odorous emission. The odour-intensive compounds (osmogenes) which make up these emissions are believed to arise mainly as the decomposition products of carbohydrates and proteins. The breakdown of this waste material proceeds by aerobic and anaerobic processes at various stages of the treatment plant. Atmospheric pollution of this nature frequently results in complaints from members of the public either resident, or perhaps employed in the vicinity of such works. In order to confirm or deny that a reclamation works is responsible for a particular nuisance and, if possible to identify the causal agents it was decided that the Authority should have the capability of analysing for odorous and other polluting constituents of the atmosphere. This paper describes the progress made towards this objective and summarises the experience gained with a procedure in use. There are two principle approaches available for the analytical classification of odorous emissions -... 

These have been extensively studied by Neckers and coworkers [21]. Those which undergo y-hydrogen abstraction cleave cleanly to aldehyde or ketone, and thus provide a possible methodology for environmentally friendly oxidation of alcohols. The secondary photolysis of the hydroxyketene forms benzaldehyde and carbon monoxide, both of which could be considered nuisances, although it might be possible to trap the carbene intermediate in order to make a 1-phenylcyclopropanol. 

Special non-sticking gum bases have been developed in order to avoid the problem of discarded gum becoming a nuisance. These products are very different to ordinary gum bases. 

Activator and Stabilizer for Sodium Chlorite Bleaching POLYRON CB is an additive used in sodium chlorite bleaching in order to activate the process without the addition of acid, to prevent odor nuisance, corrosion, and to increase the whiteness. ... 

As a matter of fact, for a century prior to the World War the dense clouds of smoke generated by the increasing quantities of black powder used in battle had been a growing nuisance. They obscured the field of vision, interfered with the aiming and firing of weapons, and hampered the movement and maneuver of troops. By the time of American Civil War, thi.s had become such a formidable problem as to force the invention of smokele.ss powder in order to restore visibility to the field of battle. 

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