Nucleic acid separation and

Chandler DP and Brockman FJ (2000) Renewable microcolumns for solid phase nucleic acid separations and analysis from environmental samples. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 19 314-321. 

Liu, M. Chen, F. Nucleic acid separation and detection by electrophoresis with a counter-migrating high-affinity intercalating dye. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. 

Fig. 1. Southern blot analysis of DNA showing (a) step 1, an agarose gel containing separated restriction fragments of DNA, denoted by (—), which is immersed in NaOH to denature the double-stranded stmcture of DNA, and then transferred by capillary flow to a nitrocellulose filter. In step 2, the bound DNA is allowed to hybridize to a labeled nucleic acid probe, and the unbound probe is washed off In step 3, the filter is placed into contact with x-ray film resulting in (b) bands of exposure on the film which are detected after development and correspond to regions where the restriction fragment is...

Biopolymers are the naturally occurring macromolecular materials that are the components of all living systems. There are three principal categories of biopolymers, each of which is the topic of a separate article in the Eniyclopedia proteins (qv) nucleic acids (qv) and polysaccharides (see Carbohydrates Microbial polysaccharides). Biopolymers are formed through condensation of monomeric units ie, the corresponding monomers are amino acids (qv), nucleotides, and monosaccharides, for proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, respectively. The term biopolymers is also used to describe synthetic polymers prepared from the same or similar monomer units as are the natural molecules. 

Classical gel electrophoresis has been used extensively for protein and nucleic acid purification and characterization [9, 10], but has not been used routinely for small molecule separations, other than for polypeptides. A comparison between TLC and electrophoresis reveals that while detection is usually accomplished off-line in both electrophoretic and TLC methods, the analyte remains localized in the TLC bed and the mobile phase is immediately removed subsequent to chromatographic development. In contrast, in gel electrophoresis, the gel matrix serves primarily as an anti-... 

Separation of proteins Separation of nucleosides Separation of nucleic acid bases and their nucleosides... 

Allen, D., and El Rassl, Z. (2004). Capillary electrochromatography with monolithic silica columns III. Preparation of hydrophilic silica monoliths having surface-bound cyano groups chromatographic characterization and application to the separation of carbohydrates, nucleosides, nucleic acid bases and other neutral polar species.. Chromatogr. A 1029, 239—247. 

Pyrimidine is a six-membered aromatic heterocyclic compound that contains two nitrogen atoms, separated by a carbon atom, in the ring. Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, contain substituted purines and pyrimidines. Cytosine, uracil, thymine and alloxan are just a few of the biologically significant modified pyrimidine compounds, the first three being the components of the nucleic acids. 

Membrane teichoic acids have now been detected in a large number of bacteria, including almost all of the Gram-positive organisms examined. Nevertheless, the proportion present is sometimes small, and separation of the acids from other macromolecular cell-components, such as nucleic acids, peptides, and polysaccharides, is difficult. Consequently, few have been obtained in an amount and of a purity adequate for detailed chemical study. Even from the limited studies so far made, it is clear that structural details differ considerably from case to case, and it is convenient to classify these teichoic acids according to the organisms from which they have been isolated. 

Many of the same models and techniques have been used to study the transitions in these two types of biopolymers, and we will present some common background information first. Then we will specialize and present the results of important thermodynamic studies in proteins and nucleic acids separately. However, common to both reports is the observation that the application of thermodynamic measurements and a thermodynamic analysis to carefully but widely chosen systems allows one to gain insights into structural details that complement molecular structure determinations obtained from instrumental techniques such as spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. 

Cadet J, Voituriez L, Berger M (1983) Separation of nucleic acid components and their radiation-induced degradation products on chemically bonded C12 reversed-phase thin-layer plates. J Chromatogr 259 111-119... 

The book is divided into several chapters which include micromachining methods, microfluidic operations (microfluidic flow, sample introduction, sample preconcentration), chemical separations, detection technology, and various chemical and biochemical analysis (applications on cellular analysis, nucleic acid analysis, and protein analysis). Emphasis will be placed on analytical applications although the basic principles about micromachining and fluid flow and control will also be covered only to the extent that their understanding will assist the exploitation of the microfluidic technology on analytical applications. 

Currently available reagent kits, which help to remove impurities (such as nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates) but which do not modify properties of proteins while detecting even trace amounts of proteins in samples, enable analysts to obtain pure proteins. Such kits are often used to prepare proteins for their separation using 2D electrophoresis, which is typically a preliminary step in the proteomics research methods. 

Polyphosphates in aqueous solutions of low ionic strength are capable of forming complexes with other polymers, especially proteins (Katchman and Van Wazer, 1954), basic polypeptides (Singh, 1964), arid nucleic acids (Kulaev and Belozersky, 1958 Ebel et al, 1958c). This ability increases as the chain length of the polyphosphate molecule increases. In acidic solution, these complexes separate as precipitates. The ability of condensed... 

Reviews of the biochemical work generally start with Martin and Synge in 1941 (13) and then jump to the work of Cohn on nucleic acid separations by ion exchange chromatography in 1949 (14). It so happens that Waldo Cohn was coauthor of one of those original publications on rare earth separations in 1947. 

As mentioned before, a number of these methods are discussed at length in this book (see Chapters 2-6). The methodologies for separation of nucleic acids, oligonucleotides, and monoclonal antibodies are covered in Chapters 8, 14, and 15. The following chromatographic methods, as they relate to separations of monoclonal antibodies, are discussed in Chapter 15 ... 

---