Synthetic polymers preparation

Biopolymers are the naturally occurring macromolecular materials that are the components of all living systems. There are three principal categories of biopolymers, each of which is the topic of a separate article in the Eniyclopedia proteins (qv) nucleic acids (qv) and polysaccharides (see Carbohydrates Microbial polysaccharides). Biopolymers are formed through condensation of monomeric units ie, the corresponding monomers are amino acids (qv), nucleotides, and monosaccharides, for proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, respectively. The term biopolymers is also used to describe synthetic polymers prepared from the same or similar monomer units as are the natural molecules. 

MW = 1034), biphenyl tetramer hexaol (MW = 782), /3-0-4 tetramer hep-taacetate (C55H66O22, MW = 1078) and /J-O-4 tetramer heptaol (MW = 784). The Igepal (GAF Corp., sold through Aldrich) standards F.W. = 749 and 1982 were also examined. Two synthetic polymers prepared by anion-initiated polymerizations of a quinonemethide according to the procedure of Chum et al. (20) were treated as intermediate MW lignin model polymers. 

Lozinsky VI (2002) Cryogels on the basis of natural and synthetic polymers preparation, properties and application. Uspekhi Khimii 71 (6) 559—585... 

Early workers found that small amounts of rubber dissolved into mineral oil substantially raised VI however, high levels of unsaturation in the polymer led to oxidation and sludge formation. This was overcome by using a synthetic polymer prepared from gasoline light ends [1], and similar behaviour was later described for... 

In membrane-separation processes, a feed consisting of a mixture of two or more components is partially separated by means of a semipermeable membrane through which one species moves faster than the others. That part of the feed that passes through the membrane is called the permeate, while the portion that does not pass is called the retentate. The membranes may be thin layers of a rigid material such as porous glass or sintered metal, but more often they are flexible films of synthetic polymers prepared to have high permeability for certain types of molecules. 

Huayu, T. Zhaohui, T. Xiuli, Z. Xuesi, C. Xiabin, J. Biodegradable synthetic polymers Preparation, functionalization and biomedical application. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2012, 37 (2), 237-280. 

Andersson, L.I. O Shannessy, D.J. Mosbach, K. Molecular recognition in synthetic polymers preparation of chiral stationary phases by molecular imprinting of amino acid amides. J. Chromatogr. 1990, 513, 167-179. 

X., and Jing, X. (2012) Biodegradable synthetic polymers preparation, functionalization and biomedical application. Prog. Polym. ScL, 37 (2), 237-280. Oliveira, R.C., Gomez, J.G.C., Torres, B.B., Bueno Netto, C.L., and da Silva, L.F. (2000) A suitable procedure to choose antimicrobials as controlling agents in fermentations performed by bacteria. Braz. J. Microbiol., 31, 87-89. 

Recent advances in synthetic polymer preparation and formulation have enabled a rapid advancement of nanomedicine, with over 40 formulations being approved for routine human use in the last 20 years and many more currently in clinical development [6]. Examples include polymer-drug and protein conjugates [5], block copolymer polymeric micelles [7] and polyplexes developed for... 

The early workers in the field of lubricants observed that small amoimts of rubber dissolved in a mineral oil raised the VI substantially. However, high unsaturation in the polymer led to oxidation and sludge formation. Otto et al. [3] discovered that this could be overcome through the use of a synthetic polymer prepared from the light ends of the gasoline. Similar observations were later made for polymethacrylates by Rohm and Haas Co. [4,5] and for polyisobutylenes by Farbenindustrie AG [6,7]. Because these materials were initially used mainly to increase the VI, they became known as the viscosity index improvers. 

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