Nucleic acid components carbohydrates

The major classes of organic compounds common to living systems are lipids pro terns nucleic acids and carbohydrates Carbohydrates are very familiar to us— we call many of them sugars They make up a substantial portion of the food we eat and provide most of the energy that keeps the human engine running Carbohy drates are structural components of the walls of plant cells and the wood of trees Genetic information is stored and transferred by way of nucleic acids specialized derivatives of carbohydrates which we 11 examine m more detail m Chapter 28... 

Carbohydrates have many useful functions. They are used for the storage and generation of energy they are important structural components, both intra- and extracellar and they may be iiansfonned into other, totally different kinds of molecules, like amino acids, lipids, and nucleic acids. When carbohydrates attach to proteins and lipids, they form glycoproteins and glycolipids. The latter complex molecules may be found in Combo Circle and will be seen at show time. 

Separations by electrophoresis depend upon differences in rates of migration of the components in a mixture in an applied electric field. Provided the electric field is removed before ions in the sample mixture reach the electrodes, the components may be separated according to their electrophoretic mobility. Electrophoresis is thus an incomplete form of electrolysis. Electrophoresis is especially useful for analysis and separation of amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. 

Many simple carbohydrates and other polyhydroxy compounds can be oxidized at a silver oxide surface. The oxidation is via an electrocatalytic mechanism involving a Ag(I) oxide. This forms the basis of a flow stream detector operated in an amperometric mode which may be used for either flow injection or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) applications. The title electrode has been applied to the detection of simple carbohydrates, triglycerides and nucleic acid components. 

Oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is the condition that arises on exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS). A reactive oxygen species are sometimes harmful to cells and tissues because it damages biological components such as proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. Cells have several systems to cope with oxidative stress. Generation of GSH is one of these systems. 

Boronate affinity has gained increasing attention as a unique means for the selective capture and separation of ris-diol-containing biomolecules in recent years. " Since the use of boronate affinity for the separation of carbohydrates and nucleic acid components was reported by Weith and co-workers in 1970, boronate affinity has been used for the separation of various ds-di-ol-containing compounds, including nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic acids, catechols, carbohydrates and glycoproteins. 

In 1970, Weith and co-workers first prepared boronic acid-functionalized chromatographic media via immobilizing APBA to cellulose for the separation of nucleic acid components and carbohydrates. Since then, various boronate affinity chromatographic media such as cellulose, sephacryl, sepharose, polyacrylamide and silica beads have been developed because of the merits of boronate affinity for capturing cis-diol-containing biomolecules. Various matrices and boronic acid derivatives are listed in Table 11.3. It can... 

In contrast, FTIRM is an in situ technique that is not restricted to the detection of PrP. In fact, we have already learned that an IR spectrum of a biological sample is composed of characteristic absorption bands that originate from all tissue components, e.g. proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Since the combination of all molecular parameters (structure. 

The most important derivatives of pyrimidines and purines are nucleosides Nucleosides are N glycosides m which a pyrimidine or purine nitrogen is bonded to the anomeric carbon of a carbohydrate The nucleosides listed m Table 28 2 are the mam building blocks of nucleic acids In RNA the carbohydrate component is d ribofuranose m DNA It IS 2 deoxy d ribofuranose... 

Section 28 7 Nucleic acids are polynucleotides present m cells The carbohydrate component is D nbose m ribonucleic acid (RNA) and 2 deoxy d ribose m deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)... 

Biopolymers are the naturally occurring macromolecular materials that are the components of all living systems. There are three principal categories of biopolymers, each of which is the topic of a separate article in the Eniyclopedia proteins (qv) nucleic acids (qv) and polysaccharides (see Carbohydrates Microbial polysaccharides). Biopolymers are formed through condensation of monomeric units ie, the corresponding monomers are amino acids (qv), nucleotides, and monosaccharides, for proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, respectively. The term biopolymers is also used to describe synthetic polymers prepared from the same or similar monomer units as are the natural molecules. 

---