Nuclear radiation, detection

Handhook of Experimental Stress Analysis , J. Wiley, NY (1950), p 982 (Fairly comprehensive description of y-ravs technique is given) 11) K. Siegbahm, "Beta and Gamma Ray Spectroscopy , Interscience, NY (1955) 12)W.J. Price, "Nuclear Radiation Detection ,... 

W. J. Price, Nuclear Radiation Detection, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964... 

P. J. Ouseph, Introduction to Nuclear Radiation Detection, Plenum Press. New York, 1975 W. B. Mann, R. L. Ayres, S. B. Garlinkel, Radioactivity and its Measurement, 2nd ed.. Pergamon, Oxford, 1980... 

Eichholz, G. G., and Poston, J. W., Nuclear Radiation Detection, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan, 1985. 

P. J. OUSEPH, Introduction to Nuclear Radiation Detection, Plenum Press, 1975. 

Price WJ (1958, 1964) Nuclear radiation detection, 1st and 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York PUAE (1956) Proceedings of the international conference on the peaceful uses of atomic energy, vols 1-17. United Nations, New York... 

The isotope boron-10 is used as a control for nuclear reactors, as a shield for nuclear radiation, and in instruments used for detecting neutrons. Boron nitride has remarkable properties and can be used to make a material as hard as diamond. The nitride also behaves like an electrical insulator but conducts heat like a metal. 

Theory and Equipment. The basic principle behind nuclear medical imaging is that a radiopharmaceutical can be introduced into the body which emits radiation detectable outside of the body. Radiopharmaceuticals are biologically active and have a short half-life (Si/q)- The detectable radiation... 

Initially, DADC polymers were used in military aircraft for windows of fuel and deicer-fluid gauges and in glass-fiber laminates for wing reinforcements of B-17 bombers. Usage in impact-resistant, lightweight eyewear lenses has grown rapidly and is now the principal appHcation. Other uses include safety shields, filters for photographic and electronic equipment, transparent enclosures, equipment for office, laboratory, and hospital use, and for detection of nuclear radiation. 

Neutron activation reactions have also been considered for mine detection. Here a radioactive element is produced in the mine which in the process of decay, emits nuclear radiation, either alpha or beta particles or yrays or two of these or all three in combination. For buried mines the penetrating 7iays are of most in-... 

Early in the program, critical components (e.g.,the turbomolecular pump) and circuit boards were tested for their ability to survive neutron and gamma irradiation rates and doses similar to those that would be received from exposure to the detonation of a tactical nuclear device. All components were powered up at the start of the gamma irradiation tests but not during the neutron irradiation tests. Circuit boards were protected by circumvention circuits that powered down critical circuits in 10 to lOOps upon detecting radiation. All components survived the nuclear radiation tests. This unusual performance was noted with positive commendations by the staff at the White Sands Missile Range, where the tests were performed. Tests of the fully integrated CBMS II system, installed in a reconnaissance vehicle, will be conducted in the future. 

The Instrumentation and Control Fundamentals Handbook was developed to assist nuclear facility operating contractors provide operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff with the necessary fundamentals training to ensure a basic understanding of instrumentation and control systems. The handbook includes information on temperature, pressure, flow, and level detection systems position indication systems process control systems and radiation detection principles. This information will provide personnel with an understanding of the basic operation of various types of DOE nuclear facility instrumentation and control systems. 

Aloise, Gene, Combating Nuclear Smuggling Efforts to Deploy Radiation Detection Equipment in the United States and Other Countries, June 21, 2005, GAO-05-840T. 

For very hard-to-handle process fluids nuclear radiation gauges are used to detect interfaces and levels. 

G.F.KNOLL, Radiation detection and measurement (Wiley, New York, 1979). S.COCKERTON B.K.TANNER, Adv. X-ray Anal., 38, 371 (1995) S.COCKERTON, B.K. TANNER G.DERBYSHIRE, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, B97,561 (1995). 

Nuclear radiation has been used for borehole and well analysis, generally referred to as logging. Detecting and measuring the radiation permits an evaluation of the properties of a formation surrounding the borehole and therefore, is used for locating and extracting, for example, radioactive mineral deposits and petroleum. 

It is of interest primarily for very uniform ultra-thin films and coatings (0.002-5 mils) in applications such as electrical resistors, thermistors, thermocouples, stator cores, connectors, fast-sensing probes, photo cells, memory units, dropwise steam condensers for recovery of sea water, pellicles for beam splitters in optical instruments, windows for nuclear radiation counters, panels for micrometeorite detection, dielectric supports for planar capacitors, encapsulation of reactive powders, and supports in x-ray and optical work. Any significant growth would depend upon a major breakthrough in process techniques and a consequent lowering in price. 

A major use for photomultiplieis has been in (he scintillation counter wherein combination with a fluorescent material, it is used to detect nuclear radiation. They also have been used ill star and planet tracking for guidance systems as well as in star photometry and quantitative measurements of soft x-rays in outer space. Additional uses include facsimile transmission, spectral analysis, process control, and wherever extremely low-liglit levels must be detected. For applications in photometers, see also Photometers. 

Radioactivation Analysis. The principle of this technique is that a stable isorope when irradiated by neurrons, by charged particles such as protons or deuterons or by gamma rays, can undergo a nuclear reaction to produce a radioactive nuclide. After the radionuclide is formed, and its radiations have been characterized by radiation detection devices, calculations can be made of the elements contained in the sample before irradiation. 

Because nuclear radiation, particularly 7-radiation, is highly penetrating, the tracer can be detected while part of a living organism or when deeply buried in the ground. 

Tsoulfanidis, N. Measurement and Detection of Nuclear Radiation, 2nd ed., Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC, 1983. Many detailed numerical examples. 

In this chapter we will consider the techniques developed to detect and quantitatively measure how much ionization and/or excitation is caused by different nuclear radiations. As all radiation creates ionization and/or excitation, we will separate the discussion of detection methods according to the general techniques used to collect and amplify the results of the interaction of the primary radiation with matter rather than by the type of radiation. These detection methods can be classified as (a) collection of the ionization produced in a gas or solid, (b) detection of secondary electronic excitation in a solid or liquid scintillator, or (c) detection of specific chemical changes induced in sensitive emulsions. 

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