Nuclear proliferation

Nuclear Proliferation and Civilian Nuclear Power-Report of the Nonproliferation Alternative Systems Assessment Program, Executive Summary, DOE Report DOE/NE-0001, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., June 1980. 

Differences between actions that led to nuclear proliferation and those for nuclear power, and the lack of a credible proliferation threat from well managed and well safeguarded nuclear power. 

Research by chemists and chemical engineers will be needed for the development of new analytical techniques to detect nuclear proliferation threats and treaty violations. This will require establishing the characteristic signatures of both production and testing of weapons. Detection of these signatures will depend on chemical spectroscopy techniques, and advances in remote sensing. 

At the start of the twentieth century, it was discovered that the nucleus is composed of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons (see Chapter 4). These particles are collectively called nucleons. During the last half of the same century, scientists learned how to harness the power of the atom. The deployment of two atomic bombs brought a quick and dramatic end to World War II. This was followed by nuclear proliferation, the Cold War, and the current debate over... 

Kreipe, H., Aim, P., Olsson, H., Hauberg, M., Fisher, L., and Parwaresch, R. 1993. Prognostic significance of a formalin resistant nuclear proliferation antigen in mammary carcinomas as determined by the monoclonal antibody Ki-SI. Am. J. Pathol. 142 651-651. 

Growing concerns about global environmental issues and the risk of nuclear proliferation led to the evolution of additional requirements for the future sustainable utilization of nuclear energy. The requirements are ... 

Actinides have significant abundance in irradiated nuclear fuel, long radioactive half-lives, and high radiological and chemical toxicities, and they raise concerns with criticality and nuclear proliferation. Accordingly, actinide analyses are important in process solutions, nuclear wastes, and environmental samples. 

Nuclear proliferation can contribute to terrorism (no such risk with solar). 

In the 1950s the Nuclear Safeguards Program was established by the United Nations to administratively reduce the risk of nuclear proliferation. The objective of the Safeguards Program is to prevent the diversion of fissionable material, primarily plutonium,... 

Current known, recoverable world resources of uranium are approximately 3.1 million tons, estimated to be sufficient for about 50 years at current levels of consumption. A doubling of price from present levels is projected to create a 10-fold increase in these resources. Moving from current nuclear power technology to breeder reactors is estimated to increase uranium utilization another 60-fold (World Nuclear Association, 2002). Breeder reactors, however, would aggravate some of the issues now associated with the nuclear industry, including those surrounding safety and nuclear proliferation, while possibly reducing the waste disposal problem. 

LI 1. Lloyd, S. N., McClinton, S., Brown, I. L., Miller, I. D., Kirk, D., et al., Epidermal growth factor receptor, nuclear proliferation antigen and interleukin-2 receptor expression in prostatic cancer. J. Clin. Lab. Immunol. 32.55—58 (1990). 

The U.S. government is responsible for disposition of the SNF and high level waste. Because of the waste issues discussed above and concerns about nuclear proliferation, spent fuel policy is a politically charged issue. It is also inherently tied to the future success or failine of nuclear power as a future energy option for the U.S. 

Campbell, K. M., Nuclear Proliferation Beyond Rogues, The Washington Quarterly, Winter 2002-2003. 

Gilfoyle, G. P., and Jon A. Parmentola, Using Nuclear Materials to Prevent Nuclear Proliferation, Science Global Security, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2001, pp. 81-92. 

Tikhonov, Valentin, Russia s Atomic Cities Migration Phenomena, Nuclear Proliferation Journal, Carnegie Moscow Center, No. 28, February 1999. 

U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Proliferation and Civilian Nuclear Power, Vol. II Proliferation... 

Welcoming the international agreements and other positive measures of recent years in the field of nuclear disarmament, including reductions in arsenals of nuclear weapons, as well as in the field of the prevention of nuclear proliferation in all its aspects. 

Garnero, M. (1981). Alcohol Fuels in Brazil, Statement at U.S. Senate Hearing, Subcommittee on Energy, Nuclear Proliferation and Government Processes. Washington, D.C., March 24. 

Unlike nuclear proliferation, where the mere existence of an unsafeguarded nuclear facility in an NPT member state could be sufficient evidence of intent to produce weapons, many legitimate chemical facilities could have the ability to produce chemical agents. Intent cannot be inferred directly from capability. 

The important features of the PWR core are shown in Figure 19.12 and described in 19.13.1. The design with a pressure vessel without facilities for fuel handling imder pressure necessitates a yearly shutdown for fuel rq>lacement. However, this is not considered a great inconv ence as a PWR anyhow has to be shutdown on a regular basis for safety inspection of pipes, welds, etc, and for routine maintenance. The need to shut down the reactor and open the pressure vessel in order to replace fuel also makes the PWR (as well as the VVER) resistent to concealed nuclear proliferation. 

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