Nuclear factor-kappa B signaling

Bourcier T, Sukhova G, Libby P. The nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway participates in dysreguiation of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in human atherosclerosis. J Biol Chem 1997 272(25) 15817-15824. 

Li, X., A. B. Abdel-Mageed, D. Mondal, and E. Kandil, 2013. The nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway as a therapeutic target against thyroid cancers. 23 209-218. 

Jazirehi, A.R., Huerta-Yepez, S., Cheng, G., and Bonavida, B. (2005). Rituximab (chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) inhibits the constitutive nuclear factor- kappa )B signaling pathway in non-Hodgkin s lymphoma B-cell lines role in sensitization to chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. 65, 264-276. 

Chandrasekar B, Bysani S, Mummidi S. CXCL16 signals via Gi, phosphatidylino-sitol 3-kinase, Akt, I kappa B kinase, and nuclear factor-kappa B and induces cell-cell adhesion and aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2004 279(5) 3188-3196. 

The coupling of superantigen—major histocompatibility complex class II to T-cell receptor swifdy results in cell-signaling cascades. ° These staphylococcal toxins can increase levels of phosphatidyl inositol from quiescent T cells, such as other mitogens, as well as elicit intracellular Ca movement that activates the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway important for interleukin-2 (IL-2) expression. " IL-2 is intimately linked to T-cell proliferation. In addition to the PKC pathway, the protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) pathway is also activated by superantigens, leading to elevated expression of various proinflammatory cytokines. Staphylococcal superantigens also potently activate transcriptional factors NF-/IB (nuclear factor kappa B) and AP-1 (activator protein-1), which subsequently elicit the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. " " ... 

Lubin F. D., Johnston L. D., Sweatt J. D., and Anderson A. E. (2005). Kainate mediates nuclear factor-kappa B activation in hippocampus via phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase. Neuroscience 133 969-981. 

Figure 22.3 Signaling pathways activated by CpG DNA. CpG is thought to enter the cell via a pH-dependent step that may be receptor mediated. There is a possible role for the toll like receptor 9 (TLR-9). Once inside the cell, CpG DNA appears to act, through a number of signal transduction pathways, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), the ubiquitination and degradation of IrcB, and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which ultimately lead to the induction of activating protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB).

All identified TLRs are type I transmembrane proteins, whose intracellular domains contain regions homologous to the intracellular domains of IL-1R and are referred to as TIR domains (Takeda et ah, 2003). These intracellular domains are able to trigger signalling pathways known to activate the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) (Medzhitov et ah, 1998 O Neill, 2000), which in turn leads to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-8. The membrane distribution of TLRs as well as their intracellular trafficking has only now beginning... 

Huang IT, Miyamoto S (2001) Postrepression activation of NF-kappaB requires the amino-terminal nuclear export signal specific to IkappaBalpha. Mol Cell Biol 21 4737-4747 Huang CJ, Nazarian R, Lee J, Zhao PM, Espinosa-Jeffrey A et al (2002) Tumor necrosis factor modulates transcription of myelin basic protein gene through nuclear factor kappa B in a human oligodendroglioma ceU line. Int J Dev Neurosd 20 289-296... 

Minsavage, G.D., Dillman lii, J.F. (2007). Bifunctional alkylating agent-induced p53 and nonclassical nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ICB) responses and cell death are altered by caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) a potential role for antioxidant/elec-trophilic response element (ARE/EpRE) signaling. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 321 202-12. 

Zhen X, Zhang J, Johnson GP, Friedman E. (2001) D(4) dopamine receptor differentially regulates Akt/nuclear factor-kappa b and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in D(4)MN9D cells. Mol Pharmacol 60 857-864. 

L.I. McKay, J.A. Cidlowski, Molecular control of immune/inflammatory responses interactions between nuclear factor-kappa B and steroid receptor-signaling pathways, Endocr. Rev. 1999, 20, 435-459. 

Fig. 14 Potential contribution of Ras and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) proteins in signal transduction pathways initiated by drug-enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (see Figs. 2 and 6 for remaining abbreviations) (modified from Kennedy et al. 2004)...

Philip, S. and Kundu, G.C., Osteopontin induces nuclear factor kappa B-mediated promatrix metalloproteinase-2 activation through I kappa B alpha/IKK signaling pathways, and curcumin (difemloyhnethane) down-regulates these pathways, J. Biol. Chem., 278 (16), 14487-14497, 2003. 

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