Nonylphenols sediments

PAHs, nonylphenols sediment DB-5 (20x0.25x0.25)x BGB-1701 (1.0x0.10x0.10) Dual-stage modulator, CO2 ToF MS [53]... 

Gonzalez S, Petrovic M, Barcelo D (2004) Simultaneous extraction and fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, coconut diethanol amides, nonylphenol ethoxylates and their degradation products in wastewater treatment plants, receiving coastal waters and sediments in the Catalonian area (NE Spain). J Chromatogr A 1052(1-2) 111-120... 

Chang BV, Yu CH, Yuan SY (2004) Degradation of nonylphenol by anaerobic microorganisms from river sediment. Chemosphere 55 493-500... 

Hale RC, Smith CL, De Fur PO, Harvey E, Bush EO, La Guardia MJ, Vadas GG (2000) Nonylphenols in sediments and effluents associated with diverse wastewater outfalls. Environ Toxicol Chem 19 946-952... 

Fig. 10 Composition and spatial distribution of the main patterns of contamination identified in sediment of the Ebro River basin from year 2004 to 2006. Different temporal distribution of the PAHs pattern of contamination over the territory and constant distribution in time of the APs and heavier PAHs as well as the OCs pattern. Big circles representing higher levels of pattern contribution than small circles. Variables identification 1, naphthalene 2, acenaphtylene 3, acenapthene 4, fluorene 5, phenanthrene 6, anthracene 7, fluoranthene 8, pyrene 9, benzo(a) anthracene 10, chrysene 11, benzo(b)fluoranthene 12, benzo(k)fluoranthene 13, benzo(a)pyr-ene 14, indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene 15, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 16, benzo(g,h,i)perylene 17, octyl-phenol 18, nonylphenol 19, tributylphosphate 20, a-HCH 21, HCB 22,2,4-DDE 23,4,4-DDE 24, 2,4-DDD 25, 4,4-DDD 26, 2,4-DDT 27, 4,4-DDT...

Ferguson et al. [18] reported on the application of a mixed-mode HPLC separation, coupled with ESI-MS for the comprehensive analysis of NPEOs and nonylphenol (NP) concentrations and distributions in sediment and sewage samples. The mixed-mode separation, which operates with both size-exclusion and reversed-phase mechanisms, allows the resolution of NPEO ethoxymers prior to introduction to... 

Since the beginning of the 1980s, the presence of surfactants in solid matrices has slowly received more attention. The publication by Giger and coworkers in 1984 [2] on the anaerobic formation in sewage sludge of nonylphenol (NP) out of alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) particularly stressed the importance of this environmental compartment. However, environmental data of surfactants in sediments and sludges remains scarcer than data on aqueous concentrations, undoubtedly because sediment samples are more difficult to handle. 

P 10.6 Estimating the Lethal Body Burden (LBB,) for 4-Nonylphenol for the Marine Amphipod, Ampelisca abdita, and Setting a Corresponding Sediment Quality Criterion... 

You are interested in the well-being of Ampelisca abdita, living in a harbor whose sediments are contaminated with 4-nonylphenol. You remember that the lethal volume fraction of narcotic chemicals in membranes is about 0.01 L compound L I lipid. If the sediment contains 2% organic carbon by weight, and the amphipod is assumed to accumulate body burdens up to equilibrium with the sediments on which it lives, what sediment concentration of 4-nonylphenol should be deemed acceptable with respect to baseline toxicity Assume a log ,lipsw = 5.5 for 4-nonylphenol. Use Eq. 9-26c (alkylated and chlorinated benzenes ) for estimating Kioc. Compare your result with the findings of Fay et al. (2000), who observed a die-off of half the amphipods when they were exposed to about 0.16 g 4-nonylphenol - kg-1 sediment. 

Fig. 2.22. Comparison of measured levels and environmental quality criteria (EQCs) for nonylphenol (NP) in water, soil and sediments from the various sites, in South Korea (a) water (n = 172), (b) soil (n = 105), (c) freshwater sediment (n = 131), (d) brakish sediment (n = 47), (e) marine sediment (n = 93). Range indicates minimum (min), maximum (max), and arithmetic mean (avg.). Dotted lines represent Canadian EQCs proposed for marine water (WQC-m) and freshwater (WQC-f), and marine sediment (SQG-m) and freshwater sediment (SQG-f) (see the text).

Environment Canada, 2001. Canadian sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life nonylphenol and its ethoxylates., EPPC—Agenda 8—Att 3. 

Shang, D.Y., Macdonald, R.W., Ikonomou, M.G., 1999. Persistence of nonylphenol et-hoxylate surfactants and their primary degradation products in sediments from near a municipal outfall in the strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 1366-1372. 

In many of the previous applications, a combination of static and dynamic extraction was found to reduce the extraction time and provide better recoveries. Such is the case with the extraction of linear alkylbenzenesulphonates [24] and 4-nonylphenols [25] from sediments, and that of PAHs from soil [47], where a combination of 15 min static extraction and 10-20 min dynamic extraction ensured quantitative extraction of the analytes, thus minimizing the dilution effect arising from extended dynamic extraction. 

Ferguson et al. [40] reported the analysis of APEO metabolites in estuarine water and sediments. Compounds like nonylphenols, octylphenols, their mono-, di-, and triethoxylates, halogenated nonylphenols, and NPEC were found in water samples after SPE. Individual APEO metabolite concentrations of 1-320 ng/1 in water and 5-2000 ng/g in sediment were found. 

Kannan, K., T.L. Keith, C.G. Naylor, C.A. Staples, S.A. Snyder and J.P. Giesy. Nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in fish, sediment, and water from the Kalamazoo river, Michigan. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 44 77-82, 2003. 

The ohgomeric distribution of NPEO depends on the enviromnental compartment. In this respect, the dissolved phase of waters (seawater and wastewaters) contain higher ethoxamers, whereas river and marine sediments oidy contain nonylphenol and the lower oligomer derivatives (Fignre 4). Nonylphenol and its low-ethoxylated components have been identified in mechanical-biological sewage treated and in some biodegradation experiments", so that its preferential occurrence in the sediment may be due to these effects and/or to their preferent association to the particnlate material. 

Shang, D. Y., Ikonomou, M. G., and Macdonald, R. W., Quantitative determination of nonylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in marine sediment using normal-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 849, 467-482, 1999. 

Chee KK, Wong MK, Lee HK (1997) Microwave-assisted solvent extraction of air particulates for the determination of PAHs. Environ Monit Assess 44 391 08 Christensen A, Ostman C, Westerholm R (2005) Ultrasound-assisted extraction and on-line LC-GC-MS for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in urban dust and diesel particulate matter. Anal Bioanal Chem 381 1206-1216 Cortazar E, Bartolome L, Delgado A, Etxebarria N, Fernandez LA, Usobiaga A, Zuloaga O (2005) Optimisation of microwave-assisted extraction for the determination of nonylphenols and phfhalate esters in sediment samples and comparison with pressurised solvent extraction. Anal Chim Acta 534 247-254... 

Phenol, because of its biodegradability, is seldom detected in sediments. The same may be generally said about a number of other compounds such as the cresols, phenylphenol, and nonylphenol. By contrast, some of the alkylphenols occur at remarkably high concentrations, particularly near waste discharge sites. For example, Jungclaus et al. (1978) reported that two isomers of dibutylphenol reached 100-150 mg kg in the Pawtuxet River, whereas the corresponding maximum values for tributylphenol and dibutyl-methyl phenol were 25 and 60 mg kg respectively. Although comparable residues probably occur in the sediments of other industrial zone rivers, the environmental implications of such levels are not known at this time. 

Chee, K. K., M. K. Wong, H. K. Lee, Optimization of sample preparation techniques for4-nonylphenol in water and sediment,/. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. TechnoL, 1996,19, 259-275. 

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