Non-optical Methods

Schneider, Experimental Thermodynamics , Vol. II, Chapter 16, part 2, Butterworths, London, 1975. 

Tsiklis, Phasentrennung in Gasgemischen , VEB Deutscher Verlag fiir Grundstoff-industrie, Liepzig, 1972. 

The seals on this piston were made of 0-rings and a Teflon guide attached to the top of the piston permitted it to move smoothly inside the main body. The stirrer mechanism consists of four two-bladed fans along the stirrer stem. A small magnet is fitted into the lower end of the stirrer stem and the stirrer is 

In order to sample the vapour and liquid phases after equilibrium has been set up the following procedure is adopted. The space between the two vapour valves and the space between the two liquid valves are evacuated and then sample is allowed to move into the spaces between the two valves by momentarily opening the liquid and vapour valves which are nearest the equilibrium chamber. The volume of the liquid and vapour samples were 0.2 and 0.75 cm respectively. Although the pressure decreases slightly during withdrawal the authors claimed 

Tsiklis and co-workers have described a cell which is suitable for operation up to 10 MPa. It consists of a cylindrical vessel closed with a packingless spherical cap which is fitted with two membrane valves, one for removal of the gas sample and the other connected to a membrane null-pressure instrument. 

---

Y. T. Lee, Reactive Scattering I Non-optical Methods, in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, edited by G. Scoles, Part 1.22, pp. 553-568, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1988. 

Several other non-optical methods have been described in the literature. ... 

The main experimental studies in the far-IR or THz regions performed nowadays involve spectroscopy and the imaging of materials, in particular those of biomedical interest. Given the intrinsic long wavelength of this radiation (1 THz is equivalent to 33 cm or 300 pm), diffraction plays a major role and the optical detection method intrinsically limits its use to sub-millimetre types of spectroscopy. On the other hand, when new detection systems are applied, such as with near field or non-optical methods, the spatial resolution limitation can be overcome, provided that a brilliant IR source is used, in the case of SR especially with coherent emission mode. For example. Figure 3.18 demonstrates the feasibility of the use of intense THz radiation for... 

The first half of this section discusses the use of the crossed beams method for the study of reactive scattering, while the second half describes the application of laser-based spectroscopic metliods, including laser-mduced fluorescence and several other laser-based optical detection teclmiques. Furtlier discussion of both non-optical and optical methods for the study of chemical reaction dynamics can be found in articles by Lee [8] and Dagdigian [9]. 

The number of measurable layers of a stack is limited only by the optical contrast between the different layers. In practice stacks of ten layers and more can be analyzed by ellipsometry. Further advantages of ellipsometry compared with other metrological methods are the non-invasive and non-destructive character of the optical method, the low energy entry into the sample, the direct measurement of the dielectric function of materials, and the possibility of making the measurement in any kind of optical transparent environment. 

Personal eye-protection - Optical test methods. Partially superseded BS 2092 1987 Personal eye-protection - Non-optical test methods. Partially superseded BS 2092 1987 AMD 1 Personal protection - Equipment for eye and face protection during welding and allied processes (AMD 9902) dated January 1998. Superseded BS 1542 1982 AMD 3 Gas heated catering equipment. Safety requirements (AMD 10573J dated December 1999. Superseded BS 5314... 

Gas detection methods may be split into two groups, (i) direct methods, which monitor a physical parameter of the target gas, and (ii) indirect methods, which use a chemical reaction or indicator to show the concentration of the gas being sensed. This division of methods may be further split into optical sensing techniques and non-optical techniques. This review will predominantly focus on direct optical-spectroscopy fibre sensing techniques. 

In contrast to the situation with the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, synthetic chemists have a choice of both enzymatic or non-enzymatic methods for the oxidation of sulfides to optically active sulfoxides with good to excellent yields and enantiomeric excesses. 

The speed of information transfer can be increased by switching from twisted pair cables to coaxial or fiber optics, however, these types of cables add to the installation costs. In the future, communications between sensors and multiplex boxes and the rest of the system may use a combination of technologies including traditional means such as twisted wire and coaxial and non-traditional methods such as infrared or radio wave. 

The use of ICG to measure hepatic blood flow and function by spectrophotmet-ric analysis of serial blood samples collected invasively was recognized more than 50 years ago [141], and the concept of non-invasive optical monitoring of physiologic function with ICG is not new [ 142 -146]. However, advances in optical technology and the availability of miniature lasers for biomedical applications have resulted in the development of faster, simpler, and reliable optical methods for monitoring physiologic functions in real-time. While most of these methods rely on the absorption properties of ICG for continuous hepatic func-... 

Mineral-liquid or mineral-gas interfaces under reactive conditions cannot be studied easily using standard UHV surface science methods. To overcome the pressure gap between ex situ UHV measurements and the in situ reactivity of surfaces under atmospheric pressure or in contact with a liquid, new approaches are required, some of which have only been introduced in the last 20 years, including scanning tunneling microscopy [28,29], atomic force microscopy [30,31], non-linear optical methods [32,33], synchrotron-based surface scattering [34—38], synchrotron-based X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy [39,40], X-ray standing wave... 

In l02) the authors describe the design of an experimental plant for studies of acoustic cavitation in flowable high polymers with the help of optic methods the plant employs a flat-slit transprent-wall capillary acoustic treatment of a polymer was carried out at a frequency of 17.8 kHz, and amplitude of vibration between 0 and 15 mcm. The study was conducted on 1,2 polybutadienes of narrow molecular-mass distribution tests were arranged at room temperature. It has been demonstrated that static mechanical stresses occur in a stationary (non-flowing) polymer under the action of acoustic treatment isochrome lines in the viscosimetric tank form a cellular structure with cell size of about 1-3 mm, and in the capillary the isochromes are observed in form of longitudinal strips (Fig. 19). The authors have also found that acoustic... 

By far the largest part of the experimental results presented in this work, has been obtained with the aid of optical studies. Only in exceptional cases other methods, like electron-spin resonance or neutron scattering, have been employed to get information about energy levels under pressure. Obviously, these methods must be used in the case of non-transparent materials, where optical methods are not suitable. 

---