Synchrotron-based

Elemental distribution and chemical state of ppm metal impurities can be measured using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence ( iXRF) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy ( iXAS), both with a I -2 irn2 spatial resolution [314]. 

Cotte, M., P. Dumas, G. Richard, R. Breniaux, and Ph. Walter (2005), New insight on ancient cosmetic preparation by synchrotron-based infrared microscopy, Anal. Chim. Acta 553, 105-110. 

The objectives of this study are to use synchrotron-based spectroscopic... 

With this work we have applied a combination of synchrotron-based p-XRD, p-XRF, and p-XANES analyses to determine the mineralogy and the elemental distribution of metals in partially altered sulfide-mineralization fragments deposited within an open-air waste-rock dump (Libiola mine, eastern Liguria, Italy). 

Synchrotron-based p-XRD, p-XRF, and g-XANES techniques allowed us to determine, with gm-spatial resolution, the mineralogical and chemical variations occurring during the alteration of sulfide mineralizations. 

MCB MCC MINEQL MOX MSWI p,-SXRF MW Microwave burn-out Materials Characterization Center Mineral equilibria (computer program) Mixed-oxide (fuel) Municipal solid waste incinerator Synchrotron-based X-ray microfluorescence Magnox waste glass (British Nuclear Fuel Public Ltd. Company)... 

Techniques of microscopic XRF ( j,-XRF) developed in the last 20 years provide 2D images and elemental maps of each element present in the target material. Portable/in situ p-XRF, j,-XRF spectrometers synchrotron-based ( -SRXRF) and micro-x-ray absorption spectroscopy/micro-x-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (XAS/ J,-XANES) have improved the mineralogical characterization, as well as the elemental and chemical imaging of samples at the submicrometer scale [61]. 

U-XRF spectrometry synchrotron-based micro-x-ray absorption near-edge stmcture spectroscopy multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry... 

As described in Chapter 2, a number of spectroscopic surface methods give information relating to d band shifts [45]. Ross, Markovic and coworkers have developed synchrotron-based high resolution photoemission spectroscopy to directly measure d band centers giving results in good agreement with the DFT calculations [46]. Another possibility is to exploit the fact that in some cases a shift in the d states can be measured as a core-level shift, as the d states and the core levels shift... 

Studies by Teplyakov et al. provided the experimental evidence for the formation of the Diels-Alder reaction product at the Si(100)-2 x 1 surface [239,240]. A combination of surface-sensitive techniques was applied to make the assignment, including surface infrared (vibrational) spectroscopy, thermal desorption studies, and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Vibrational spectroscopy in particular provides a molecular fingerprint and is useful in identifying bonding and structure in the adsorbed molecules. An analysis of the vibrational spectra of adsorbed butadiene on Si(100)-2 x 1 in which several isotopic forms of butadiene (i.e., some of the H atoms were substituted with D atoms) were compared showed that the majority of butadiene molecules formed the Diels-Alder reaction product at the surface. Very good agreement was also found between the experimental vibrational spectra obtained by Teplyakov et al. [239,240] and frequencies calculated for the Diels-Alder surface adduct by Konecny and Doren [237,238]. 

Shaporenko, A., Adlkofer, K., Johansson, L. S. O., Tanaka, M. and Zharnikov, M. Functionalization of GaAs surfaces with aromatic self-assembled monolayers A synchrotron-based spectroscopic study. Langmuir 19, 4992 (2003). 

In the future, we need to develop ways to apply novel and more sophisticated surface science techniques, such as the soft X-ray spectroscopies outlined in Chapter 2, to electrified interfaces under realistic conditions. For example, atom-specific probing of the occupied and unoccupied electronic states of electrochemical surface intermediates during the electrocatalytic reactions described in the present chapter has not been achieved to date. Modern synchrotron-based soft X-ray methods will aid these efforts to obtain more insight into the bonding of electrochemical intermediates. 

Mineral-liquid or mineral-gas interfaces under reactive conditions cannot be studied easily using standard UHV surface science methods. To overcome the pressure gap between ex situ UHV measurements and the in situ reactivity of surfaces under atmospheric pressure or in contact with a liquid, new approaches are required, some of which have only been introduced in the last 20 years, including scanning tunneling microscopy [28,29], atomic force microscopy [30,31], non-linear optical methods [32,33], synchrotron-based surface scattering [34—38], synchrotron-based X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy [39,40], X-ray standing wave... 

It must be emphasized that these marker signals can be used exclusively for the interpretation of Py-FI mass spectra, but not for the interpretation of conventional Cp Py-GC/MS because of the completely different heating and ionization conditions. The interpretation of the routine Py-FI mass spectra will be incrementally improved by the application of complementary techniques such as high-resolution Py-FIMS with a MAT 900 (see below) and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (Section 14.3.2). 

Recent research efforts and advances in the identification of unknown N were achieved by the complementary application of pyrolysis-mass spectrometry and synchrotron-based XANES at the N K-edge (N-XANES) (e.g., Jokic et al., 2004a). 

Synchrotron-based N K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge fine structure (XANES)... 

SYNCHROTRON-BASED NEAR-EDGE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY OF NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER IN SOILS AND SEDIMENTS... 

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