Nomenclature and common names

The nomenclature (qv) of polyamides is fraught with a variety of systematic, semisystematic, and common naming systems used variously by different sources. In North America the common practice is to call type AB or type AABB polyamides nylon-x or nylon-respectively, where x refers to the number of carbon atoms between the amide nitrogens. For type AABB polyamides, the number of carbon atoms in the diamine is indicated first, followed by the number of carbon atoms in the diacid. For example, the polyamide formed from 6-aminohexanoic acid [60-32-2] is named nylon-6 [25038-54-4], that formed from 1,6-hexanediamine [124-09-4] or hexamethylenediamine and dodecanedioic acid [693-23-2] is called nylon-6,12 [24936-74-1]. In Europe, the common practice is to use the designation "polyamide," often abbreviated PA, instead of "nylon" in the name. Thus, the two examples above become PA-6 and PA-6,12, respectively. PA is the International Union of Pure and AppHed Chemistry (lUPAC) accepted abbreviation for polyamides. 

Taxonomic nomenclatures for plants and animals are under constant revision. In the Handbook of Chemical Risk Assessment series, the author elected to conform as much as possible to the systems and spellings used by Scott and Wasser (1980) for plants, Swain and Swain (1948) for insects, Turgeon et al. (1988) for aquatic molluscs, Williams et al. (1989) for decapod crustaceans, Pratt (1935) and Hyman (1940, 1951a, 1951b, 1955) for miscellaneous invertebrates, Robins et al. (1991) for fishes, Ditmars (1966) for reptiles, Edwards (1974) and Howard and Moore (1991) for birds, and Nowak and Paradiso (1983) for mammals. Individual species are arranged alphabetically by scientific and common names (Table 33.2). In total, about 2300 species of animals and plants were cited, of which only 23 (1.0%) were listed in at least 20 chapters. The most widely cited species include ... 

The CAS Registry number alone is used as the first step. If there are approximately 300 citations, then all are retrieved for review. If less than approximately 300 references are found, searches are conducted using chemical nomenclature and common chemical names in addition to the CAS number. Searches by chemical name or names also should be made if few data of high quality are found, irrespective of the number of citations found. 

While useful as starting points, SPI and ASTM classifications are not sufficient to describe the wide range of polyethylenes available in the industry. Classifications have been further subdivided to convey additional information, such as molecular weight or comonomer employed. Eurther, manufacturers use their own nomenclature and trade names. Clearly, the names used for various polyethylenes are somewhat arbitrary and subjective. The reader should not rigidly construe classifications and may encounter other nomenclatures. An overview of various classifications of polyethylene in common use in industry is provided below ... 

The lUPAC rules of lipid nomenclature have been developed to convey the maximum level of structural information within the name of the lipid. From this information, the reader should be able to reconstruct the component structure in a systematic fashion. For this reason, in most circumstances, the established system of systematic nomenclature should be encouraged rather than the use of trivial or common names. However, exceptions to this generality can be justified in the cases of steroids and carotenoids. In these cases, systematic nomenclature is often unwieldy for everyday usage and common names are well established in the respective fields. 

As in the past, the syntheses have been arranged on the basis of the Mendeleev periodic classification. An effort has also been made to follow the system of nomenclature adopted in the preparation of Volume II. Trivial and common names, if widely used in the chemical literature, may have been used in a few cases, especially in the index. To make it possible to use all three volumes more satisfactorily, the index has been set up on a cumulative basis. 

In the lUPAC systematic nomenclature, the final e of the parent alkane is dropped, the suffix oic is added, and the separate word acid is added. Diacids are named similarly, except that the suffix is dioic, and the final e is not dropped. Cyclic acids are named as cycloalkanecarboxylic acids. Tahle 17.1 shows some common mono-and diacids along with some of their physical properties and common names, many of which are stfil used. 

Like other compounds, alcohols may have both systematic and common names. Systematic nomenclature treats alcohols as derivatives of alkanes. The ending -e of the alkane is replaced by -ol. Thus, an alkane is converted into an alkanol. For example, the simplest alcohol is derived from methane methanol. Ethanol stans from ethane, propanol from propane, and so on. In more complicated, branched systans, the name of the alcohol is based on the longest chain containing the OH substituent— not necessarily the longest chain in the molecule. 

The heterocycloalkanes can be named using cycloalkane nomenclature. The prefix aza- for nitrogen, oxa- for oxygen, thia- for sulfur, and so forth, indicates the heteroatom. Other systematic and common names abound in the literature, particularly for the aromatic heterocycles. 

Figure 2 illustrates the basic content of a Registry substance record. The substance is tetracycline. Included are the CAS Registry Number, the CA Index Name, some synonymous chemical names, the molecular formula, and a stereospecihc structural diagram. An integral part of the CAS Chemical Registry System is the Registry Nomenclature File which contains the CA Index Name, and other systematic, semisystematic, and common names encountered in the chemical literature. 

The systematic and common names and abbreviations of the steroids used throughout this text are indicated in Table I. Using this nomenclature, the steroid ester-sulfates and steroid glucuronides are followed by the suffix yl thus, androsterone sulfate is called 17-oxo-5a-androstan-3a-yl-sulfate, and corticosterone-21-glucuronide is ll/3-hydroxy-4-pregnetie-3,20-dion-21 -y l-j8-D-gIucopyranosiduronatc. 

The names cited are common names which have been m widespread use for a long time and are acceptable m lUPAC nomenclature We will introduce the systematic nomen clature of these ring systems as needed m later chapters... 

Allyl IS the common name of the parent group H2C=CHCH2— and is an acceptable name m lUPAC nomenclature... 

These common names are acceptable in lUPAC nomenclature and are the names that will be used in this text... 

It IS hard to find a class of compounds in which the common names of its members have influenced organic nomenclature more than carboxylic acids Not only are the common names of carboxylic acids themselves abundant and widely used but the names of many other compounds are derived from them Benzene took its name from benzoic acid and propane from propionic acid not the other way around The name butane comes from butyric acid present m rancid butter The common names of most aldehydes are derived from the common names of carboxylic acids—valeraldehyde from valeric acid for exam pie Many carboxylic acids are better known by common names than by their systematic ones and the framers of the lUPAC rules have taken a liberal view toward accepting these common names as permissible alternatives to the systematic ones Table 19 1 lists both common and systematic names for a number of important carboxylic acids... 

The nomenclature of cellular polymers is not standardized classifications have been made according to the properties of the base polymer (22), the methods of manufacture, the cellular stmcture, or some combination of these. The most comprehensive classification of cellular plastics, proposed in 1958 (23), has not been adopted and is not consistent with some of the common names for the more important commercial products. 

The carbonate minerals that comprise limestone ate calcite [13397-26-7] (calcium carbonate), which is easily the most abundant mineral type aragonite [14791-73-2] (calcium carbonate) dolomite [17069-72-6] (double carbonate of calcium and magnesium) andmagnesite [13717-31 -5] (magnesium carbonate). Individual limstone types ate further described by many common names (1). Some of this nomenclature is repetitious and overlapping. The following terms ate in common use in Europe and the United States. 

Symmetrical diaLkyl peroxides are commonly named as such, eg, dimethyl peroxide. For unsymmetrical diaLkyl peroxides, the two radicals usually are hsted ia alphabetical order, eg, ethyl methyl peroxide. For organomineral peroxides or complex stmctures, ie, where R and R are difficult to name as radicals, the peroxide is named as an aLkyldioxy derivative, although alkylperoxy is stUl used by many authors. CycHc peroxides are normally named as heterocychc compounds, eg, 1,2-dioxane, or by substitutive oxa nomenclature, eg, 1,2-dioxacyclohexane however, when the two oxygens form a bridge between two carbon atoms of a ring, the terms epidioxy or epiperoxy are frequendy used. The resulting polycycHc stmcture has been called an endoperoxide, epiperoxide, or transaimular peroxide. 

This article discusses the benzenepolycarboxyhc acids, their anhydrides, and their esters. Table 1 includes lUPAC nomenclature, common names, and CAS Registry Numbers for the benzenepolycarboxyhc acids. These acids and anhydrides are highly stable. The carboxyUc acid groups provide from two to six sites for reaction for a wide variety of products, mostly polymers and plasticizers. 

Implicit ia the base names are the absolute configurations at carbons 8 and 12 and the iadicated numbering systems. Derivatives of these parent stmctures are named according to terpene and steroid nomenclature rules (see Steroids Terpenoids). The lengthy and awkward nature of the chemical abstract systematic nomenclature (12) for these compounds has resulted ia the development (13) and use of simplified nomenclature based on common names. 

Synthesis by oxidation remains the first choice for commercial and laboratory preparation of quinones the starting material (1) provided the generic name quinone. This simple, descriptive nomenclature has been abandoned by Chemicaly hstracts, but remains widely used (2). The systematic name for (2) is 2,5-cyclohexadiene-l,4-dione. Several examples of quinone synonyms are given in Table 1. Common names are used in this article. 1,2-Benzoquinone (3,5-cydohexadiene-l,2-dione) (3) is also prepared by oxidation, often with freshly prepared silver oxide (3). Compounds related to (3) must be prepared using mild conditions because of their great sensitivity to both electrophiles and nucleophiles (4,5). 

Thiols ate still commonly named as mercaptans, although the proper nomenclature is that estabUshed by the International Union of Pure and AppHed Chemists (lUPAC). A listing of the lUPAC name, common name, and stmcture, is shown in Table 1. 

Common names, chemical stmcture, and synonyms for the vitamins are given in Table 3. The names given to the vitamins and/or their letter designations do not foUow a logical pattern and are of historical significance only. Despite this, the nomenclature is in common use. 

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