Nobel prizes, list

TOCSY 144 of various nuclei 141 of vicinal protons 139 Nobel prizes, list 83 Nodes of Ranvier 29 Nojirimycin tetrazole 605, 605s Non-coding (transcribing) strand in DNA 237... 

See brochure of Nobel Committees for Physics and Chemistry, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, List of the Nobel Prize Laureates 1901-1994, Alm-quist Wiksell Tryckeri Uppsala, Sweden, 1995. 

In addition to the Nobel Prize, Muller received an honorary doctorate from the University at Thessalonica in Greece, where DDT helped eliminate malaria, and honorary memberships in the Swiss Nature Research Society and the Paris Society of Industrial Chemistry. The list of awards is surprisingly short for someone whose discovery saved millions of lives. Its... 

Thus, the candidacies of Gomberg and Schlenk were ruled out in 1924 by their recency statute, presumably after some discussion in the committee, as can be deduced from the unusually long statement in the Academy report. In that year, no Nobel prize was awarded because of the lack of suitable candidates (the nominees of 1924 are listed in Table 5), somewhat surprisingly, in view of the fact that the prize winners of the three coming years were nominated in 1924. The prize of 1924 was reserved for the next year and, in the end, forever. So, there is a question which is bound to be difficult to answer Was the committee really so deeply concerned about the recency statute, or did it simply not want to award the discovery of free radicals Gomberg was to be nominated in 1927, 1928, 1929 (with Schlenk), 1938 and 1940 but the committee, now with largely different members, always dealt with these nominations by reference to the Academy report of 1924 and Widman s special reports of 1921 and 1918. 

The high reactivity of di- and trinitrophenyl fluorides towards nucleophiles has been used for the arylation of various N-nucleophiles. A method was developed for the determination of N-terminal amino acids in peptides. Thus, nucleophilic attack of the amino acid nitrogen at Sanger s reagent (2,4-dinitrophenyl fluoride, 4), hydrolysis and subsequent analysis of the N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)amino acid allows determination of the amino acid.162,163 Although this method has been replaced by more efficient procedures, it marked a milestone in the elucidation of peptide structures (Nobel Prize 1958). A variety of N-nuclcophilcs (no amino acids) which have been used in the nucleophilic substitution of 2,4-dinitrophcnyl fluoride is listed. 

The biochemical paths and actions by which aspirin and other salicylates achieve their therapeutic effects were poorly understood until at least a partial mechanism w as proposed by Sir John Vane in 1971. Vane, who later received a Nobel Prize for his efforts (1982), found that NSAIDs, including aspirin, block the production of prostaglandins by cells and tissues. During the same time frame. Vane and other researchers also confirmed the inhibitory effects of aspirin on platelet aggregation, this caused by interference with the ability of platelets to synthesize prostaglandins, notably thromboxane A2. The complexities of the topic go well beyond the scope of this volume, but are well ventilated in the Vane (1971), the Smith-Willis (1971). and the Weissmann (1991) articles listed, See also Prostaglandins,... 

The first Nobel prizes were awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm K, Roentgen (discovery of X-rays in 1895), J.H. van t Hoff (chemical thermodynamics and osmodc pressure), and E.A. von Behring (diphtheria antitoxin). Listings of scores of Nobel prizes awarded over a century of progress can be found... 

The elucidation of the detailed shape of protein molecules—in fact, the spatial locations of the individual atoms in a protein—is accomplished primarily by x-ray crystallography. The three-dimensional structures of more than twenty proteins have now been established by this technique. The importance of x-ray crystallography to structural and biological chemistry has been recognized in the award of six Nobel Prizes in this area.6 A number of important proteins and their properties are listed in Table 25-3. 

It seems useful to list biographical material that is available for some of the pioneers in the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry, particularly organic chemistry, with a few comments. R. S. Mulliken (1896-1986) is best known for his share in the creation of molecular orbital theory. He was associated with the University of Chicago for most of his career,350,351 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1966. Mulliken traced the path to molecular orbital theory in a lecture352 given in 1970. He wrote an autobiography that was published posthumously.353... 

Alan MacDiarmid (1927-2007) once said "Chemistry is about people" In this spirit, full names and birth and death dates are given to all the scientists quoted in this book such brief historical data may help illuminate how and when science was done. I have resisted mentioning who was a Nobel prize winner too many to list, and some worthy scientists—for example, Mendeleyeff, Eyring, Edison, Slater, and Tesla—were not honored. I owe a deep debt of gratitude to many people who have educated me over several decades, as live teachers and silent authors. In particular, I am indebted to Professor Willard Frank Libby (1908-1980), who taught us undergraduates at UCLA to love current research problems and led us into quite a few wild-goose chases Professor Harden Marsden McConnell (1927- ), who led us at Caltech and Stanford by example to see what are... 

Grubbs (Fig. 8.7) was named Victor and Elizabeth Atkins Professor of Chemistry at Caltech in 1990 and, apart from the Nobel Prize, has received a long list of awards including the ACS Award in Organometallic Chemistry, the ACS Award in Polymer Chemistry, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry, the ACS Herbert C. Brown Award for Creative Research in Synthetic... 

The experiments by Werner and his associates on cobalt coordination compounds accomplished two things they increased the chemical knowledge in this extensive area (more than 700 compounds) and helped Werner develop his ideas on coordination theory and stereochemistry. It was only after he had received the Nobel Prize (191S) and after his death (1919) that his ideas of primary and secondary valence were confirmed. Unfortunately, Werner s span of active life was short (1893-1915). A listing is given of his co-workers who researched cobalt compounds. These resulted in 52 papers by Werner, 75 with co-authors, and at least 10 unpublished theses. Research to 1960 on cobalt coordination compounds has been summarized in Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie (1963). 

One of the most comprehensive and historically significant sites on the Web is the Nobel Prize site (nobelprize.org). This site has biographies of all the prize winners, their acceptance speeches, and historical and educational material on the topics that won prizes, as well as the history of the Nobel family and the prizes themselves. The site even lists the prize money awarded since the first prizes were given out. 

Three distinct types of information are presented (1) descriptions of chemicals, raw materials, processes, and equipment (2) expanded definitions of chemical entities, phenomena, and terminology and (3) descriptions or identifications of a wide range of trademarked products used in the chemical industries. Supplementing these are listings of accepted chemical abbreviations used in the literature, short biographies of chemists of historic importance, and winners of the Nobel prize in chemistry. Also included are descriptions or notations of the nature and location of many U.S. technical societies and trade associations. In special cases editorial notes have been supplied where it was felt necessary to clarify or amplify a definition or description. A few entries written by specialists are acknowledged by use of the author s name. 

More than 40 years later, after Mendeleevs death, the concept of atomic number was introduced, and it was recognized that elements should be listed in order of atomic number, not atomic mass. Mendeleevs ordering was thus vindicated, since telluriums atomic number is one less than iodines atomic number. Before he died, Mendeleev was considered for the Nobel Prize, but did not receive sufficient votes to receive the award despite the importance of his insights. 

For fuller treatments of Marcus-Hush theory, see end-of-chapter reading list Rudolph A. Marcus received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1992. 

On any list of scientists who should have won a Nobel Prize but did not, Lise Meitner s name would be near the top. She was the physicist who first realized that the atomic nucleus could be split to form pairs of other atomic nuclei—the process of nuclear fission. Although she received many honors for her work, the greatest of all was to elude her because of the unprofessional conduct of her colleague Otto Hahn. 

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