Nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen compounds

Nitrogen, Sulfur and Oxygen Compounds. These are usually abbreviated as NSO compounds and sometimes referred to as asphaltics. Although present in small amounts, the N, S, and O atoms contribute greatly to the nonhydrocarbon fraction of a crude oil by their incorporation into hydrocarbon molecules. The residuum contains a high percentage of NSO compounds. 

Hydrocarbons comprise the majority of components found in refined products and in most cases represent the species measured as TPH. These hydrocarbons can be grouped into classes such as aliphatic, aromatic and nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen compounds. Depending on the analytical method used, NSOs may be... 

A) The FT 650°F to 700+°F wax is first hydrotreated to clean up the waxy feed by removing any trace nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen compounds. 

Rollman, L.D. "Catalytic Hydrogenation of Model Nitrogen, Sulfur and Oxygen Compounds." J. Catalysis 46 (1977) 243. 

L. L. Bambas, Five-Mcmbored Htdrrocyrlic Compounds with Nitrogen and Sulfur or Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Oxygen, p. 151. Intcrsdenre, New York, 1952. Arvidsson and J. Sandstrdm, Ada Chem. Smnd. 15, 1179 (1961). 

One of the most ubiquitous multiple-component contaminants that reaches the soil and deeper subsurface layers is crude oil and its refined products. In the subsurface, these contaminants are transformed differently by various mechanisms (Cozzarelli and Baber 2003). Crude oil contains a multitude of chemical components, each with different physical and chemical properties. As discussed in Chapter 4, the main groups of compounds in crude oils are saturated hydrocarbons (such as normal and branched alkanes and cycloalkanes without double bonds), aromatic hydrocarbons, resins, and asphaltenes, which are high-molecular-weight polycyclic compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. 

Petroleum—Substances made of hydrogen and carbon compounds (hydrocarbons), typically also containing impurities such as nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. 

In addition, the concentration of potential micelle-formers will decrease with depth of burial of the source rock (as the generation of nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen polar compounds, which are more likely to form micellar solution, decreases with increasing depth). 

Asphalt fumes are complex mixtures containing numerous organic compounds, PAHs and nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen-containing PAHs in vapor and aerosol form. Asphalt road pavers and highway maintenance workers are exposed to asphalt fumes by both inhalation and skin contact. 

NSO s short for nitrogen-, sulfur-, and oxygen-containing compounds. 

Petroleum, or crude oil, was discovered in the United States (Pennsylvania) in 1859 and in the Middle East (Iran) in 1908. It has been found in many other locations since these initial discoveries and is now pumped from the ground in many parts of the world. Petroleum consists mainly of hydrocarbons. Small amounts of organic compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen are also present. Each oil field produces petroleum with a particular set of characteristics. Distillation of petroleum produces several fractions. 

Crude petroleum contains complex mixtures of hydrocarbons as well as relatively small amounts of nitrogen-, sulfur-, and oxygen-containing organic compounds, asphaltenes, and various trace metals (uncomplexed and complexed forms). The hydrocarbons can be divided into two classes related to their chemical structure the alkanes (normal, branched, and cyclo) and aromatic compounds (mono-, di-, and poly-, i.e., PAH). 

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