Nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen

Sulfur or Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Oxygen, p. 185. Interscience, New York, 1952. 

L. L. Bambas, Five-Mcmbored Htdrrocyrlic Compounds with Nitrogen and Sulfur or Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Oxygen, p. 151. Intcrsdenre, New York, 1952. Arvidsson and J. Sandstrdm, Ada Chem. Smnd. 15, 1179 (1961). 

Nitrogen, Sulfur and Oxygen Compounds. These are usually abbreviated as NSO compounds and sometimes referred to as asphaltics. Although present in small amounts, the N, S, and O atoms contribute greatly to the nonhydrocarbon fraction of a crude oil by their incorporation into hydrocarbon molecules. The residuum contains a high percentage of NSO compounds. 

The aromatic molecules which contain nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen that commonly occur in coal liquefaction processes. 

Earth, with its four spheres, is a good approximation of a closed system. As you learned in Unit 4, a closed system is subject to the principles of equilibrium. Every change to the system affects the whole equilibrium. Elements such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen regularly cycle through Earth s four spheres. Thus, Earth is in a constant dynamic equilibrium. 

One of the most ubiquitous multiple-component contaminants that reaches the soil and deeper subsurface layers is crude oil and its refined products. In the subsurface, these contaminants are transformed differently by various mechanisms (Cozzarelli and Baber 2003). Crude oil contains a multitude of chemical components, each with different physical and chemical properties. As discussed in Chapter 4, the main groups of compounds in crude oils are saturated hydrocarbons (such as normal and branched alkanes and cycloalkanes without double bonds), aromatic hydrocarbons, resins, and asphaltenes, which are high-molecular-weight polycyclic compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. 

Neighboring group participation effects appear to play a crucial role in the nucleophilic substitution of chlorine in Michael adducts of 1-R, 2-R, 3-X. Thus, this substitution proceeds very easily in any of the adducts formed with an electron rich nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen Michael donor. For the adducts of nitrogen nucleophiles, the facile substitution of the chlorine has been suggested to occur via formation of intermediate aziridinium ions 103 [8] (Scheme 32), and this postulate was later supported by isolation of azaspiropentane derivatives under appropriate conditions in several reactions (see Sect. 3.2.2) [11b, 53,56]. It is most likely that alkylthio substituents in adducts of type 85 participate in the same way to first form spirocyclopropane-annelated thiiranium ion intermediates which are subsequently opened by attack of the incoming nucleophile. 

The understanding of the reactivity made possible the development of the rhodium catalyzed [4-+2+-2] carbocydization reaction as outlined in Tab. 12.9. This study demon strated that nitrogen-, sulfur-, and oxygen-tethered enynes furnish the desired cycload... 

Hydrotreat to reduce organically bound nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen to ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and water, respectively. 

Examples of virtually all four-membered rings with two heteroatoms of nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen have been prepared. In some cases simple derivatives of the parent systems are unknown and in others the literature is too extensive to cover in a single review. Therefore, selections have been made to represent the various classes without being encyclopedic. 

The literature contains examples of virtually all heterocyclic systems with two heteroatoms of nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. However, in some cases simple derivatives of the parent... 

Carbon-Phosphorus, Nitrogen-Sulfur, and Oxygen-Chlorine... 

Enantiopure a, ft -unsaturated 5-lactams react stereoselectively with carbon-, nitrogen-, sulfur-, and oxygen-centred nucleophiles [N3-, Me(CH2)nS, MeO-, and n-Bu-]. The synthetic potential of these conjugate additions has been demonstrated through the synthesis of two new substituted indolizidines, (7/f)-7-amino-8-deoxy-swainsonine and (7/ )-7-acetylaminoswainsonin.133... 

Moisture and ash (Chapter 3) are not determined as a part of the data presented for ultimate analysis but must be determined so that the analytical values obtained can be converted to comparable bases other than that of the analysis sample. In other words, analytical values may need to be converted to an as-received basis, a dry basis, or a dry, ash-free basis. When suitable corrections are made for any carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur derived from the inorganic material, and for conversion of ash to mineral matter, the ultimate analysis represents the elemental composition of the organic material in coal in terms of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. 

At high severity, the nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen were all removed to the lower limit of our ability to measure with the analytical techniques employed (Dohrmann nitrogen, Dohrmann sulfur, neutron activation for oxygen). The product was water-white in appearance. 

Naphtha - Table IV shows properties of the naphtha product at the high and intermediate severities. The naphtha produced at the highest severity is essentially free of nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen and can be fed directly to a catalytic reformer. The naphtha produced at the lower severities is... 

The SRC-II process is one of several coal liquefaction processes currently under development in programs funded by the Department of Energy (DOE). Product from this process is a distillate that is relatively attractive as a feed for conversion to transportation fuels. Essentially all of the nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen can be removed in a single catalytic hydro-treating stage to yield a naphtha that is an excellent feed for a catalytic reformer and a middle distillate fraction that is a... 

Ryba, S.A. and R.M. Burgess. 2002. Effects of sample preparation on the measurement of organic carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen concentrations in marine sediments. Chemosphere 48 139-147. 

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