Sulfur-nitrogen-oxygen compounds

This is a classic area of inorganic chemistry dating back to the middle of the last century and only a brief outline will be possible. It will be convenient first to treat the sulfur nitrogen oxides and then the amides, imides and nitrides of sulfuric acid. Hydrazides and hydroxylamides of sulfuric acid will also be considered. Some of these compounds have remarkable properties and some are implicated in the lead-chamber process for the manufacture of H2SO4 (p. 708). The field is closely associated with the names of the great German chemists E. Fremy ( 1845), 

It is a yellow solid with an acyclic structure (Fig. 15.49a), cf N2O5 (p. 458). Moist air converts S3N2O2 to SO2 and S4N4 whereas SO3 

The pentoxide S3N2O5 can also be made directly from S4N4 and SO3. It forms colourless, strongly refracting crystals which readily hydrolyse to sulfamic acid  

It has a cyclic structure and may be regarded as a substituted diamide of disulfuric acid, H2S2O7 (Fig. 15.49b). 

An alternative synthetic strategy for sulfur-nitrogen oxides is exemplified by the more recent reaction  

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Treating improves the odor, color, and stability of straight-run liquids and conversion-unit products. Sulfuric acid treating removes olefins, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen compounds, and other contaminants. Clay/lime treating of acid-treated oil removes any residual traces of asphaltenes. Caustic treating... 

Nitrogen, Sulfur and Oxygen Compounds. These are usually abbreviated as NSO compounds and sometimes referred to as asphaltics. Although present in small amounts, the N, S, and O atoms contribute greatly to the nonhydrocarbon fraction of a crude oil by their incorporation into hydrocarbon molecules. The residuum contains a high percentage of NSO compounds. 

Put simply, petroleum is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons, generally in a liquid state, which may include compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, metals, and other elements (ASTM, 2004). In more specific terms, petroleum has also been defined (ITAA, 1936) as ... 

Diesel fuel is produced by distilling raw oil, which is extracted from bedrock. Diesel is a fossil fuel, consisting of hydrocarbons with between 9 and 27 carbon atoms in a chain, as well as a smaller amount of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and metal compounds. It is a general properly of hydrocarbons that the autoignition temperature is higher for more volatile hydrocaibons. The hydrocarbons present in the diesel fuels include alkanes, naphthenes, olefins and aromatics. 

This paper presents a survey of our present knowledge of the composition of petroleum. Included in the presentation is a brief discussion of the nonhydrocarbon constituents of petroleum, covering sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metallic constituents, together with more detailed information regarding the hydrocarbon constituents which comprise the bulk of crude petroleum. In addition to a discussion of the hydrocarbon compounds and types of hydrocarbon compounds occurring in one representative petroleum, the problem is considered of how different crude petroleums differ in their composition with respect to the hydrocarbon components. 

Hydrogenation Gasoline to heavy feedstocks Low-boiling products 400-850°F 205-455°C Mild hydrogenation cracking removal of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metallic compounds... 

In principle, hydrogen chloride is oxidized with oxygen under pressure in the presence of catalytically acting nitrogen-oxygen compounds, the water formed being removed with concentrated sulfuric acid. The capacity of the plant is 600 t/d chlorine. 

Petroleum (also called crude oil) is a naturally mixture of hydrocarbons, generally in the hquid state, that may also include compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metals and other elements (ASTM D-4175 Speight, 2001 and references cited therein). Inorganic sediment and water may also be present. Thus, for the purposes of this text, a petroleum product is any product that is manufactured during petroleum refining and, as a consequence, petrochemical products are not included in this definition or in this text. 

Hydrocarbons comprise the majority of components found in refined products and in most cases represent the species measured as TPH. These hydrocarbons can be grouped into classes such as aliphatic, aromatic and nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen compounds. Depending on the analytical method used, NSOs may be... 

Previous work suggested that important interactions can occur between nitrogen and sulfur or oxygen compounds (2 >1 >. ). ... 

A) The FT 650°F to 700+°F wax is first hydrotreated to clean up the waxy feed by removing any trace nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen compounds. 

The selective detection of hetero-atom containing organo-compounds is used extensively in the petroleum industry for process control (sulfur, nitrogen, etc.) and additives in fuels (sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous etc.). The most common selective atom detection is performed by gas chromatography with atomic emission (AED) [1-3], sulfur and/or nitrogen chemiluminescence [4—8] and flame photometric (FPD, p-FPD) [9],... 

Fossil fuels are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons formed in a process lasting millions of years by decomposition of biological matter. Carbon and hydrogen are the main components, but other elements such as sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and metals are also present in small amounts. At normal temperatures and pressures, these compounds may be gaseous, liquid or solid, depending on the complexity of their molecules. 

Because of this much lower wavelength capability, acetonitrile allows detection of compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and most other heteroatoms. Even the saturated alkanes absorb in the 210 to 220 nm range. Thus, aqueous acetonitrile gradients can be used for the analysis of sugars, amino adds, vitamins, and many other compounds that would be masked by the use of methanol. 

Rollman, L.D. "Catalytic Hydrogenation of Model Nitrogen, Sulfur and Oxygen Compounds." J. Catalysis 46 (1977) 243. 

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