Nitrification in soil

Liang C.A, Tabatabai M.A. Effect of trace elements on nitrification in soils. J Environ Qual 1978 7 291-293. 

Lipman CB, Burgess PS (1914) The effects of copper, zinc, iron and lead salts on ammonification and nitrification in soils. University of California Publications in Agricultural Science 1 127-139... 

Hartz TK, Boble CR, Bender DA, Avila FA (1989) Control of pink root disease in onion using solarization and fumigation. J Am Soc Hort Sci 114 587-590 Hartz TK, DeVay JE, Elmore CL (1993) Solarization is an effective soil disinfestation technique for strawberry production. Hortscience 28 104—106 Hasing JE, Motsenbocker CE, Monlezun CJ (2004) Agroeconomic effect of soil solarization on fall-planted lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Sci Hort 101 223-233. doi 10.1016/j.scienta.2003.11.001 Hasson AM, Hassaballah T, Hussain R, Abbass L (1987) Effect of solar soil sterilization on nitrification in soil. J Plant Nutr 10 1805-1809... 

Uses Rubber accelerator solvent in fiber and plastic industry rocket fuels lubricants condensers to increase dielectric constant industrial solvent antioxidant nematocide softener of copolymers research chemical plasticizer in acrylonitrile polymers inhibit nitrification in soil chemical intermediate for 1,1-dimethylhydrazine. 

Nitrification in soils is inhibited when bromacil is applied at a concentration of <50 ppm (Debona and Audus, 1970). The half-life in soil is approximately 10 d (Hartley and Kidd, 1987). 

Treatment means for pH and organic matter varied significantly between treatments, except for the pH between European alder/black walnut and walnut-alone. According to Alexander (32), nitrification is almost negligible at pH 5.0. Nitrification in soil beneath red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) was reported at a pH as low as 3.5 (33). Obviously nitrification has not been eliminated in soil beneath treatment plots in our study. 

Lawrence GB, David MB. 1997. Response of aluminum solubility to elevated nitrification in soil of a red spruce stand in eastern Maine. Environ Sci Technol 31 825-830. 

Bremner, J.M., McCarty, G.W. Inhibition of nitrification in soil by allelochemicals derived from plants and plant residues. In Soil biochemistry. Bollag J. Stotzky, G eds., Vol. 8. New York, USA Marcel Dekker. 1993. 

Figure 8.7. Temperature influence on nitrification in soil (unpublished class notes, Broad-bent, U.C. Davis, 1978).

Belser, L. W., and Mays, E. L. (1980). Specific inhibition of nitrite oxidation by chlorate and its use in assessing nitrification in soils and sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39, 505-510. 

Bremner J. M. and Bundy L. G. (1874) Inhibition of nitrification in soils by volatile sulfur compounds. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 6, 161-165. 

Wakabayashi K, Okuzu M. 1970. [Inhibitory effects of s-triazines on nitrification in soils IV. Hydroxy-S-triazines and their derivatives, miscellaneous S-triazines, and hydro-S-iriazines.] Nippon Dojo Hiryogaku Zasshi 41 237-245. (Japanese)... 

ISO 14238 1997 Soil quality - Biological methods - Determination of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in soils and the influence of chemicals on these processes. 

SiMEK M (2000) Nitrification in soil - Terminology and methodology (review). Rostlinna Vyroba 46 385-395. 

MAJOR USES Used in the production of lubricants, plastics, rocket fuel, fibers, nema-tocide and rubber antioxidant increase dielectric constant inhibition of nitrification in soil. 

ORIGIN/INDUSTRY SOURCES/USES used as a solvent in fiber, plastics industry, lubricants condensers to increase dielectric constant nematocide softener for copolymers formerly in production of rocket fuels research chemical chemical intermediate for 1,1-dimethylhydrazine rubber accelerator inhibition of nitrification in soil plasticizer for acryloni-tnle polymers preparation of thiocarbonyl fluoride polymers antioxidant... 

Birch, H.F. (1960) Nitrification in soils after different periods of dryness. Plant and Soil 12, 81-96. 

The importance, or lack of importance, that one attaches to nitrification is largely a matter of emphasis that he places on the various observed facts. Although the author admits that there are a few mixed blessings, he considers that on the whole nitrification is a very essential and valuable process. If nitrification in soil could be prevented completely it is doubtful if we could have an agriculture such as we have today, at least not without supplying much of our fertilizer nitrogen in the nitrate form. Some of the reasons for this viewpoint are discussed at the end of this chapter. 

These data in Fig. 12.2 and 12.3 leave no doubt that chemical nitrification of nitrites to nitrates occurs readily in 1% potassium phosphate solutions that are more acid than about pH 4.0. In soils it has been shown (Stevenson and Swaby, 1964 Fuhr and Bremner, 1964a Stevenson et al., 1970) that a portion of any nitrous acid formed can react with soil organic matter, especially at the lower pH values, but a considerable portion of it decomposes to liberate NO. Quantitative data on the extent of these reactions under a wide variety of soil conditions have not yet been reported. Mortland and Wolcott (1965) and Mortland (1965) have shown that NO can penetrate the interlamellar surfaces of montmorillonite and in the presence of air it is oxidized at a rate dependent upon its diffusion to the edge of the particle. All of the nitric oxide was oxidized in 24 h or less. These data leave no doubt that nitrite undergoes nitrification in soils very much as in phosphate buffer solutions, except possibly to a lesser extent since a portion of it is fixed... 

How important is chemical nitrification in soils Although present evidence indicates that chemical oxidation of ammonia in soils occurs to only a minor extent, if at all, recent researches have definitely established that chemical oxidation of nitrites can and does occur more rapidly than biological oxidation wherever nitrites are present in very acid soils. It follows then that the importance of chemical nitrification is dependent primarily on the extent to which nitrites or nitrous acid are formed in, o r move into, soils of pH values where chemical oxidation can occur. As stated above, this critical pH value is near 5 to 5.2, or a little lower for very rapid oxidation. 

Uses In rocket fuels industrial solvent solvent for fibers, plastics rubber accelerator plasticizer for acrylonitrile polymers, rubber gasoline and lubricant additive antioxidant pesticide nematicide inhibition of nitrification in soil mfg. of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine in active metal anode-electrolyte systems (high-energy batteries) prep, of thiocarbonyl fluoride polymers additive in condensers to inc. dielec, const. lubricant and softener in copolymers Regulatory SARA 302a extremely hazardous, 313 reportable CERCLA hazardous substance HAP... 

Nitrifications in soils where artificial fertilisation has taken place supplies the large majority of H+ input to soils. No fertilisation of forest soils assumed. 

Mertens, J., F. Degryse, D. Spiingael, et al. 2007. Zinc toxicity to nitrification in soil and soilless culture can be predicted with the same biotic ligand model. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 2992-2997. 

MacDonald RM (1986) Nitrification in soil an introductory history. In Prosser J1 (ed) Nitrification. IRL Press, Oxford, pp 1-16 MacKenzie CR, Bilous D, Schneider H, Johnsom KG (1987) Induction of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzyme systems in Streptomyces spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 53 2853-2839... 

MISHRA M.M., FLAIG W. and SOECHTIG H. 1980. The effect of quinoid and phenolic compounds on urease and dehydrogenase activity and nitrification in soil. Plant and Soil, 25-33. 

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