Nitric oxide bioactivity

J. S., Export by red blood cells of nitric oxide bioactivity, Nature 409 (2001),... 

Thomas SR, Chen K, Keaney JF, Jr. Oxidative stress and endothelial nitric oxide bioactivity. Antioxid Redox Signa 2003 5 181-194. 

Zenebe W, Pechanova O, Andriantsitohaina R (2003) Red wine polyphenols induce vasorelaxation by increased nitric oxide bioactivity. Physiol Res 52(4) 425-432... 

Perazzolli M, Dominici P, Romero-Puertas MC, Zago E, Zeier J, Sonoda M, Lamb C, Delledonne M. 2004. Arabidopsis nonsymbiotic hemoglobin AHbl modulates nitric oxide bioactivity. Plant Cell 16(10) 2785-2794. 

As 1,2,5-thiadiazole analogues, potent HlV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors, some simple 1,2,5-oxadiazoles, compounds 4-6 (Fig. 9), have been synthesized using the traditional Wieland procedure as key for the heterocycle formation [121]. Such as thiadiazole parent compounds, derivative with chlorine atoms on the phenyl ring, i.e., 5, showed the best anti-viral activity. Selectivity index (ratio of cytotoxic concentration to effective concentration) ranked in the order of 5 > 6 > 4. The activity of Fz derivative 6 proved the N-oxide lack of relevance in the studied bioactivity. These products have been claimed in an invention patent [122]. On the other hand, compound 7 (Fig. 9) was evaluated for its nitric oxide (NO)-releasing property (see below) as modulator of the catalytic activity of HlV-1 reverse transcriptase. It was found that NO inhibited dose-dependently the enzyme activity, which is hkely due to oxidation of Cys residues [123]. 

J.L. Zhao, P.E. Pergola, L.J. Roman, and D.L. Kellogg, Bioactive nitric oxide concentration does not increase during reactive hyperemia in human skin. J. Appl. Physiol. 96, 628-632 (2004). 

The same urethane linker group that is a feature of conjugates 138 and 139 (Section 5.03.12) has also been used to provide SIN-1 13 conjugates of two vitamin E analogues, 6-tochopherol and Torolox , that undergo enzymatic bioactivation in the presence of porcine liver esterase to release nitric oxide <2006MI363>. 

S-Nitroso derivatives of the biological thiols—glutathione, cysteine (115) and homocysteine—have been considered as bioactive intermediates in the metabolism of organic nitrates and the endothelium-derived relaxing factor with properties of nitric oxide. A simple, rapid and reproducible method for separating these thiols from their... 

Despite the many decades amyl nitrite and glyceryl trinitrate have been used in therapy, it is only in recent years that the molecular mechanism of action of the nitrovasodilators has begun to be understood [3-5]. The drugs act by releasing nitric oxide (NO, a neutral radical usually written simply as NO), which produces smooth muscle relaxation in blood vessels and exhibits a range of other biological effects [6]. Thus, bioactivation to yield NO precedes the main therapeutic effect of nitrovasodilators and would justify their classifica-... 

Stuehr, D. J., Gross, S. S., Sakuma, L, Levi, R., and Nathan, C. F. (1989). Activated murine macrophages secrete a metabolite of arginine with the bioactivity of EDRF and the chemical reactivity of nitric oxide. J. Exp. Med. 169, 1011-1020. 

Rassaf T, Preik M, Kleinbongard P, Lauer T, HeiB C, Strauer BE, Feelisch M, Kelm M. 2002. Evidence for in vivo transport of bioactive nitric oxide in human plasma. J Clin Invest 109 1241-1248. 

Taubert D, Roesen R, Lehmann C, Jung N, Schomig E. 2007. Effects of low habitual cocoa intake on blood pressure and bioactive nitric oxide a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 298 49-60. 

Clancy RM, Levartovsky D, Leszraytuka-Piziak J, Yegudin J, Abramson SB (1994) Nitric oxide reacts with iniracdlular glutathione and activates the hexose moitophosphate shimt in human neutrophils evidence for S-nitrosoglutathione as a bioactive intermediary. Proc Nad Acad Sd USA 91 3680-3684. 

Feelisch, M Brands, F, and Kelm, M. 1995. Human endothelial cells bioactivate organic nitrates to nitric oxide implications for the reinforcement of endothelial defense mechanisms. Eur J Clin Invest 25 17,1-1 AS. 

Ignarro LJ, Napoli C, Loscalzo J. 2002. Nitric oxide donors and cardiovascular agents modulating the bioactivity of nitric oxide. Circ. Res. 90 21-28... 

Purified GPIs, obtained by proteinase K digestion from the mucins of T. cruzi trypomastigotes (tGPIs), are potent inducers of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-12. The unsaturated fatty acid of the GPI alkylacyl-PI moiety is essential for bioactivity, but other features of the intact GPI are also necessary since the PI obtained by nitrous acid treatment was inactive.32 Correlation between GPI structure and proinflammatory activity in macrophages has been reviewed.52... 

NITRIC OXIDE CHEMISTRY AND BIOACTIVITY IN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS... 

Nitric oxide chemistry and bioactivity in animal and plant cells 909... 

It is remarkable that only 7 years have passed since Palmer et al. (1987), Ignarro etal. (1987), and Furchgott (1988) published evidence that the bioactivity of nitric oxide (NO) was indistinguishable from that of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. This landmark discovery unleashed a torrent of research and fostered important expansions of our understanding of the control of vascular resistance, the biochemistry of immunity, the neurotransmitter function of NO, etc. (Moncada and Higgs, 1993). Pepke-Zaba et al. 

Markers of inflammation, especially CRP (measured with a highly sensitive technique, referred to as hs-CRP), have become the center of attention in recent years (22). This increased interest stems from several important observations made by Ridker and co-workers. Serum CRP has been shown to be an independent cardiovascular disease risk factor (23,24). High levels predict CAD death in healthy middle-aged men (25) and in patients with unstable CAD (26). In acute coronary syndromes, serum CRP concentrations correlate with the severity of endothelial dysfunction (27). In the CARE trial, subjects with elevated markers of inflammation (CRP and serum amyloid A > 90th percentile) were at high cardiovascular risk and responded best to pravastatin treatment in terms of cardiovascular risk reduction (28). The statin also reduced serum CRP concentrations (29). CRP co-incubated with LDL is readily taken up by macrophages, in contrast to native LDL, suggesting that CRP could promote foam cell formation (30). A link with endothelial dysfunction may be related to the fact that CRP decreases endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and bioactivity in human aortic endothelial cells (31). 

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