Nitrates, drug reaction

Imidazole, 1 -hydroxy-2,4,5-triphenyl-3-oxides reactions, S, 455 Imidazole, iodo-nitrodehalogenation, 5, 396-397 Imidazole, 1-iodo-reactions, S, 454 stability, S, 110 Imidazole, 2-iodo-synthesis, S, 401 Imidazole, N-iodo-, S, 393 reactions, 5, 454 Imidazole, 4-iodo-5-methyl-iodination, 5, 400 Imidazole, 2-isopropyl-4-nitro-N-nitration, 5, 351 Imidazole, 2-lithio-reactions, S, 106, 448 Imidazole, 2-mercapto-l-methyl-as antithyroid drug, 1, 171 mass spectra, 5, 358 Imidazole, 1-methoxymethyl-acylation, S, 402 Imidazole, 5-methoxy-l-methyl-reactions... 

The nitrate antianginal drug all have the same adverse reactions, although the intensify of some reactions may vary with the drug and the dose. A common adverse reaction seen with diese drug is headache, especially early in therapy. Hypotension, dizziness, vertigo, and weakness may also be associated with headache. Flushing caused by dilatation of small capillaries near the surface of the skin may also be seen. 

The nitrates are available in various forms (eg, sublingual, transmucosal, translingual spray, and inhalation). Some adverse reactions are a result of the metiiod of administration. For example, sublingual nitroglycerin may cause a local burning or tingling in the oral cavity. However, die patient must be aware that an absence of this effect does not indicate a decrease in the drug s potency. Contact dermatitis may occur from use of die transdermal delivery system. 

In many instances, the adverse reactions associated with tlie nitrates lessen and often disappear with prolonged use of die drug. However, for some patients, tiiese adverse reactions become severe, and the primary health care provider may lower the dose until symptoms subside The dose may then be slowly increased if the lower dosage does not provide relief from the symptoms of angina... 

Modras (51) reported spot test reactions to differentiate hydralazine from closely related drugs. Reagents used were aqueous copper (I) chloride, aqueous ammonium molybdate, iodine in potassium iodide solution, aqueous cobalt (II) nitrate, alcoholic ninhydrin, and alcoholic bromophenol blue. The tests were performed on paper or on Silica Gel G. 

Reaction of organic nitrate esters with reduced flavins a possible mechanism ofbioactivation. Drug Metab. Dispos. 27 (1999), p. 502-509... 

The nitration of aromatic hydrocarbons is one of the most widely studied and well-documented reactions in organic chemistry. Aromatic nitro compounds are of huge industrial importance in the synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs, agrochemicals, polymers, solvents and perfumes, and for the synthesis of other industrially important chemicals containing amine and isocyanate functionality. However, early research into aromatic nitration was fuelled exclusively by their use as explosives and intermediates in the synthesis of dyestuffs. The former is the subject of this chapter. 

Drug/Lab test interactions Nitrates may interfere with the Z/af/c/s-Za/ccolor reaction causing a false report of decreased serum cholesterol. 

Compound 33 was needed to make some antimalarial drugs.12 We prefer not to disconnect the OEt group (Guideline 3) and there are good reactions-nitration and chloromethylation-that would go in the right position (ortho or para) to the activating OEt group. Either disconnection a or b could be tried first. 

Panke et al. (2003) also demonstrated enhanced reaction control, with respect to the temperature-sensitive synthesis of 2-methyl-4-nitro-5-propyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid 219, a key intermediate in the synthesis of the lifestyle drug Sildenafil (220) (Scheme 64). When performing the nitration of 2-methyl-5-propyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid 219 under adiabatic conditions, with a dilution of 6.01kg 1), Dale et al. (2000) observed a temperature rise of 42 °C (from 50 to 92 °C) upon addition of the nitrating solution. As Scheme 63 illustrates, this proved problematic as at 100 °C decomposition of the product 219 was observed and in order to reduce thermal decomposition of pyrazole 219, and increase process safety, the authors investigated addition of the nitrating solution in three aliquots, which resulted in a reduced reaction temperature of 71 °C and an increase in chemoselectivity unfortunately, the reaction time was increased from 8 to 10 h. 

Salem et al. [48] reported simple and accurate methods for the quantitative determination of flufenamic, mefenamic and tranexamic acids utilizing precipitation reactions with cobalt, cadmium and manganese. The acidic drugs were precipitated from their neutral alcoholic solutions with cobalt sulfate, cadmium nitrate or manganese chloride standard solutions followed by direct determination of the ions in the precipitate or indirect determination of the ions in the filtrate by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The optimum conditions for precipitation were carefully studied. The molar ratio of the reactants was ascertained. Statistical analysis of the results compared to the results of the official methods revealed equal precision and accuracy. The suggested procedures were applied for determining flufenamic, mefenamic and... 

Khalil et al. [51] described the microquantitative determination of mefenamic acid based on the reaction of mefenamic acid with a silver nitrate solution in a neutral alcoholic medium. The formed precipitation is quantitatively determined directly or indirectly through the silver content of the precipitation formed or the residual unreacted silver ions in the filtrate by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results obtained in both the procedures either in their pure form or in their pharmaceutical formulations are accurate and precise. The stoichiometric relationship of the reaction was studied using lob s continuous variation method, and it was found to be (1 1) drug Ag+ for the mefenamic acid. 

Analytical Procedure Microscopic Examination Place a small amount of a crushed tablet or capsule contents on a slide, mix with a drop of water, and cover carefully with a cover-slip avoiding trapped air bubbles. Observe under low-power magnification. Effervescence will be obvious. If crystalline material is visible, note if it is water-soluble. Check the pH of the solution. An alkaline reaction may indicate the presence of a sodium salt of an acidic drug. Introduce a small drop of silver nitrate solution along one edge of the cover-slip a visible precipitate indicates the possible presence of a hydrochloride salt of a basic drug. 

SAFETY PROFILE Confirmed carcinogen of the lung, nasal sinus, brain, esophagus, stomach, liver, bladder, and kidney. They are often produced in food as by-products from processing and preparadon. They are found in whiskey, herbicides, and cosmetics, as well as in tanneries, rubber factories, and iron foundries. They can be formed within the body by reaction of amine-containing foods or drugs with the nitrites resulting from bacterial conversion of nitrates. See also N-NITROSO COMPOUNDS. 

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