Nitrated-cellulose

Cellulose Nitrate. Cellulose nitrate is prepared according to the following reaction ... 

The two procedures primarily used for continuous nitration are the semicontinuous method developed by Bofors-Nobel Chematur of Sweden and the continuous method of Hercules Powder Co. in the United States. The latter process, which uses a multiple cascade system for nitration and a continuous wringing operation, increases safety, reduces the personnel involved, provides a substantial reduction in pollutants, and increases the uniformity of the product. The cellulose is automatically and continuously fed into the first of a series of pots at a controlled rate. It falls into the slurry of acid and nitrocellulose and is submerged immediately by a turbine-type agitator. The acid is deflvered to the pots from tanks at a rate controlled by appropriate instmmentation based on the desired acid to cellulose ratio. The slurry flows successively by gravity from the first to the last of the nitration vessels through under- and overflow weirs to ensure adequate retention time during nitration. The overflow from the last pot is fully nitrated cellulose. 

The first successhil attempt to make textile fibers from plant cellulose can be traced to George Audemars (1). In 1855 he dissolved the nitrated form of cellulose in ether and alcohol and discovered that fibers were formed as the dope was drawn into the air. These soft strong nitrocellulose fibers could be woven into fabrics but had a serious drawback they were explosive, nitrated cellulose being the basis of gun-cotton (see Cellulose esters, inorganic esters). 

Cellulose acids, cellulose esters, cellulose nitrates, cellulose ethers, cellulose xanthogenates... 

Nitrating cellulose with pure HNO is the simplest method of obtaining CN. In practice, nitration does not occur with acid concentrations below 75%. At acid concentrations <75%, an unstable compound (so called Knecht compound) is formed which has been described as a molecular complex or an oxonium salt of the nitric acid (72). HNO concentrations of 75—85% yield CN with 5—8% N, which dissolve in excess acid. CN with % N of 8—10% are formed at acid concentrations of 85—89%. Above 89%, a heterogeneous nitration occurs without apparent swelling of the cellulose fibers. CN with 13.3% N can be obtained with 100% HNO. Addition of inorganic salts to 100% HNO can raise the % N to 13.9. 

Cellulose nitrate Cellulose acetate Cellulose accetate- hutyrate Cellulose acetate- propionate Cellulose propionate Ethyl cellulose... 

The austenitic steels are extensively used for nitrating cellulose, owing to their good resistance to many sulphuric-nitric acid mixtures. 

Nitromatweed (Matweed Nitrate, Nitrosparte in Fr). Prepd by nitration of dried matweed with mixed nitric-sulfuric acids in a manner similar to the prepn of NC. Trench, Faure and MacKie (Ref 2), in 1876, patented expls containing as a base nitrosparte (or other nitrated cellulosic material such as cotton, hay, agave, hemp, flax, straw, aloe, yucca, etc) together with resin, ozokerite, collodion, glycerin, charcoal and soot. Hengst (Ref 3), in 1898, patented a smokeless powd containing nitrosparte prepd by nitration of fibers covering the coconut shell Refs 1) Merriam Webster s Diet, 2nd Ed (1963), ... 

Aaronson, Evaluate Method of Nitrating Cellulose Developed by the Stein Hall Co , PATR 1331 (1943) 3) W. Latimer J. Hildebrand,... 

Braconnot, who first nitrated cellulose, was also the first to nitrate starch, in 1833 (Ref 1). 

Nitrocellulose is usually handled wet and containing approximately 30% of water. Under these conditions it can be considered as a nonexplosive material when the nitrogen content does not exceed 12-6%. More highly nitrated cellulose is known as guncotton and is explosive even when moderately wet. When dry, nitrocellulose of all types is an extremely sensitive and dangerous explosive. Dry nitrocellulose is required for use in certain types of explosives and is then prepared by slow drying of the wet material in a current of warm air. 

Thermal reaction hazards of potassium nitrate-cellulose mixtures were evaluated by ARC. Stoicheiometric mixtures (zero oxygen balance) showed the lowest ignition temperatures. 

The first of the thermoplastic synthetic polymers to be developed was celluloid, made by combining nitrated cellulose (pure cotton subjected to nitric acid) and camphor (C10H16O), a plasticizer. The motivation was a search for a replacement for the ivory used in making billiard balls. It became a commercial product circa 1865, and is still used for making ping-pong balls. 

Dinitrobenzenes Dinitrotoluenes 1,4-Dioxane Esters Ethylamine Ethers Ethylene Nitric acid Nitric acid Silver perchlorate Nitrates Cellulose, oxidizers Oxidizing materials, boron triiodide Aluminum trichloride, carbon tetrachloride, chlorine, nitrogen oxides, tetrafluo-roethylene... 

Chardonnet A process for making artificial silk by nitrating cellulose and injecting the nitrate solution into water, thereupon regenerating the cellulose ... 

See also Cellulose nitrates Cellulose nitrate lacquers, 5 403—404 Cellulose nitrate photography supports, 19 197... 

In 1846, Schonbein nitrated cellulose to nitrocellulose. Parkes came to know about nitrocellulose and found out that it had plastic properties but it contracted on drying. He found out that nitrocellulose dissolves in molten camphor and this mixture could be moulded into any form. 

An early generation of composite membranes, developed by Riley, et al. (21), was based on cellulose triacetate (CTA) cast in an ultrathln coat from chloroform on the finely porous surface of a cellulose nitrate/cellulose acetate substrate. These membranes did not reflect a need for a hydrophllic-gel Intermediate layer. Yet, this membrane substrate is much more hydrophilic than the rejecting CTA layer, and high flux as well as high separation were concurrently obtained. This is not the case if the porous substrate is highly hydrophobic. A rejecting layer deposited on such a surface would yield an extremely poor productivity due to the loss of... 

W. Knopp of Leipzig, Heerben. Kar-marsch of Hanover and J. Taylor of England described prepn of coton-poudre by nitrating cellulose with mixed nitric-sulfuric acids (Ref 31a, p 250 Ref 44, p 240)... 

Nitrated cellulose, Gun cotton, Cellulosetrinitrate Nitrated cellulose, Gun cotton, Cellulosetrinitrate Nitrated cellulose, Gun cotton, Cellulosetrinitrate Nitrated cellulose, Gun cotton, Cellulosetrinitrate Nitrated cellulose, Gun cotton, Cellulosetrinitrate Smokeless powder... 

Gunpowder Potassium chlorate Nitrated cellulose Gun cotton Cellulose trinitrate Smokeless powder... 

The use of nitrocellulose with a nitrogen content below 12% also increases the smoothness of the surface of the tubes. The addition of higher nitrated cellulose is not detrimental in this respect if the production process is well managed. 

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