Molecular effect

Although a -trans- and 9-cis-RA are only minor metabolites of ROL and (3-carotene, they display 100-1000-fold higher biological activity. Whereas all-trans-RA binds only to RARs, 9-cis-RA binds both RARs and RXRs. The stereoisomer of all-irarcs-RA, 13-cis-RA, exhibits a much lower affinity for RARs and RXRs and exerts its molecular effects mostly through its isomerization into all-irarcs-RA. 

Filby, A.L., Thorpe, K.L., and Tyler, C.R. (2006). Multiple molecular effect pathways of an environmental oestrogen in fish. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 37, 121-134. 

WANG TTY, SATHYAMOORTHY N, PHANG J M (1996) Molecular effects of genistein on estrogen receptor mediated pathways. Carcinogenesis. 17 271-5. 

Since nicotine has wide ranging effects on the central nervous system it seems likely that pharmacogenomic effects on the development of nicotine dependence will span several neurotransmitter systems. One study found an association between a polymorphism in dopamine /1-hydroxylase and level of tobacco consumption [20]. This enzyme is important in noradrenaline synthesis and it is tempting to speculate that genetically regulated variations in activity might influence susceptibility to nicotine withdrawal symptoms mediated by noradrenergic pathways, but more information is required on the molecular effects of the polymorphism. 

If the molecular effects of the electric field are irrelevant to microwave heating of solutions, this assumption could be envisaged in the use of operating conditions very far from current conditions. On one hand, it will be necessary to use an electric field of higher amplitude, or to reduce the temperature according to the Langevin function. This last solution is obviously antinomic with conventional chemical kinetics, and the first solution is, currently, technologically impossible. It will, on the other hand, be necessary to avoid reaction media with dielectric loss. The molecular effects of the microwave electric field could, paradoxically, be observed for a medium which is not heated by the action of microwave irradiation. 

This is strictly true only at high Reynolds numbers, but most CFD codes do not account for molecular effects seen at low to moderate Reynolds numbers. 

Kerstein, A. R., M. A. Cremer, and P. A. McMurtry (1995). Scaling properties of differential molecular effects in turbulence. Physics of Fluids 7, 1999-2007. 

The second length scale characterizing turbulence is that over which molecular effects are significant it can be introduced in terms of a representative rate of dissipation of velocity fluctuations, essentially the rate of dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy. This rate of dissipation, which is given by the symbol e0, is... 

Surface contaminants affect mass transfer via hydrodynamic and molecular effects, and it is convenient to consider these separately. Hydrodynamic effects include two phenomena which act in opposition. In the absence of mass transfer, contaminants decrease the mobility of the interface as discussed in Section ILD. In the presence of mass transfer, however, motion at the interface may be enhanced through the action of local surface tension gradients caused by small differences in concentration along the interface. This enhancement of surface... 

Buettner, R., Parhofer, K. G., Woenckhaus, M., Wrede, . E., Kunz-Schughart, L. A., Scholmerich, J., and Bollheimer, L. C. (2006). Defining high-fat-diet rat models Metabolic and molecular effects of different fat types. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 36, 485-501. 

In 1892, Biot confirmed that the colors on propagating white light parallel to the optical axis of a quartz crystal placed between crossed polarizers arise from two distinct effects, the rotation of the plane of polarization of monochromatic light and dispersion of the rotation with respect to wavelength. Biot s discovery was extended to the optical rotation of natural products in solution or in the liquid phase, and this is of chemical significance, as it indicates that rotation is a molecular effect. 

Present theoretical efforts that are directed toward a more complete and realistic analysis of the transport equations governing atmospheric relaxation and the propagation of artificial disturbances require detailed information of thermal opacities and long-wave infrared (LWIR) absorption in regions of temperature and pressure where molecular effects are important.2 3 Although various experimental techniques have been employed for both atomic and molecular systems, theoretical studies have been largely confined to an analysis of the properties (bound-bound, bound-free, and free-free) of atomic systems.4,5 This is mostly a consequence of the unavailability of reliable wave functions for diatomic molecular systems, and particularly for excited states or states of open-shell structures. More recently,6 9 reliable theoretical procedures have been prescribed for such systems that have resulted in the development of practical computational programs. 

While studies of reactions in supercritical fluids abound, only a few researchers have addressed the fundamental molecular effects that the supercritical fluid solvent has on the reactants and products that can enhance or depress reaction rates. A few measurements of reaction rate constants as a function of pressure do exist. For instance, Paulaitis and Alexander (1987) studied the Diels Alder cycloaddition reaction between maleic anhydride and isoprene in SCF CO2. They observed bimolecular rate constants that increased with increasing pressure above the critical point and finally at high pressures approached the rates observed in high pressure liquid solutions. Johnston and Haynes (1987) found the same trends in the... 

Hydrogen Bonding Effects Ab initio calculations represent a single molecule in vacuum, while experimentally molecules in solids are far from isolated. One of the early observations for phosphoric acid, H3P04, was that the Act observed experimentally ( 65 ppm) is much smaller than values obtained from simulation (Table II). Whether this is a result of a deficiency in the level of theory used, or represents intra- or inter-molecular effects on the experimental values has yet to be reconciled. 

Nevertheless, it will be shown in this paper that, by changing the chemical structure within a given polymer series, such a relationship fails and other molecular effects have to be taken into account. 

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