Nicotine compound, liquid

Nickel Catalyst, dry Nickel Cyanide Nickel Nitrate Nickel Nitrite Nicotine Nicotine Compound, liquid, n.o.s. 2881 1653 2725 2726 1654 3144 1655 37 53 35 35 55 55 Nitriles, toxic, n.o.s. (solid) Nitrites, inorganic, aqueous solutions, n.o.s. Nitrites, inorganic, n.o.s. Nitroanilines Nitroanisole 3276 3219 2627 1661 2730 55 35 35 55 55... 

Alkaloids are usually basic and combine with acids to form alkaloid salts, a property often exploited to extract them from their source. Other alkaloids occur naturally as salts of organic acids. Common salts include hydrochlorides, salicylates, sulphates, nitrates, acetates, and tartrates such as morphine acetate, cocaine hydrochloride, and strychnine nitrate. Water, alcohol, and ether solutions of alkaloids and their salts are often used to administer or carry the alkaloid, particularly for medicinal purposes. Nicotine preparations can include a variety of liquid and solid mixtures of nicotine (soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, and water), nicotine salts, and many other nicotine compounds (e.g., nicotine sulphate and nicotine tartrate). 

True alkaloids derive from amino acid and they share a heterocyclic ring with nitrogen. These alkaloids are highly reactive substances with biological activity even in low doses. All true alkaloids have a bitter taste and appear as a white solid, with the exception of nicotine which has a brown liquid. True alkaloids form water-soluble salts. Moreover, most of them are well-defined crystalline substances which unite with acids to form salts. True alkaloids may occur in plants (1) in the free state, (2) as salts and (3) as N-oxides. These alkaloids occur in a limited number of species and families, and are those compounds in which decarboxylated amino acids are condensed with a non-nitrogenous structural moiety. The primary precursors of true alkaloids are such amino acids as L-ornithine, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine/L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan and L-histidine . Examples of true alkaloids include such biologically active alkaloids as cocaine, quinine, dopamine, morphine and usambarensine (Figure 4). A fuller list of examples appears in Table 1. 

Drugs may be solid at room temperature (eg, aspirin, atropine), liquid (eg, nicotine, ethanol), or gaseous (eg, nitrous oxide). These factors often determine the best route of administration. The most common routes of administration are described in Chapter 3. The various classes of organic compounds—carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and their constituents—are all represented in pharmacology. 

Chromatography. Under certain conditions, even homochiral and het-erochiral self-assemblies can be separated by achiral methods. Thus, chromatography of partially resolved enantiomers can cause depletion or enrichment of enantiomers on achiral stationary phases with an achiral mobile phase. 14C-Labeled nicotine was first resolved into its enantiomers by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on an achiral stationary phase (Partisil-ODS or -SCX) through coinjection with optically active nicotine (59). This observation was followed by resolution of a number of chiral compounds by chromatography (<50-62) (Scheme 34). When a chiral diamide in 74% ee was separated on a Kieselgel 60... 

The permeability of the skin to a toxic substance is a function of both the substance and the skin. The permeability of the skin varies with both the location and the species that penetrates it. In order to penetrate the skin significantly, a substance must be a liquid or gas or significantly soluble in water or organic solvents. In general, nonpolar, lipid-soluble substances traverse skin more readily than do ionic species. Substances that penetrate skin easily include lipid-soluble endogenous substances (hormones, vitamins D and K) and a number of xenobiotic compounds. Common examples of these are phenol, nicotine, and strychnine. Some military poisons, such as the nerve gas sarin (see Section 18.8), permeate the skin very readily, which greatly adds to then-hazards. In addition to the rate of transport through the skin, an additional factor that influences toxicity via the percutaneous route is the blood flow at the site of exposure. 

Tetraethylpyrophosphate (TEPP) was the first organophosphate compound to be used as an insecticide. This compound was developed in Germany during World War II and was substituted for nicotine as an insecticide. It is a white to amber hygroscopic liquid (bp, 155°C) that readily hydrolyzes in contact with water. Because of its tendency to hydrolyze and its extremely high toxicity to mammals, TEPP was used for only a very short time as an insecticide, although it is a very effective one. It was typically applied as an insecticidal dust formulation containing 1% TEPP. 

Alkaloids are basically compound ammonias, where one or more atoms of hydrogen are replaced by various radicals. Alkaloids combine with acids to form crystalline salts without the production of water. Majorities of alkaloid exsit in solid form like atropine and they contain oxygen. Some alkaloids like lobeline or nicotine occur in liquid from and contain carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. 

Nicotine (NIK-uh-teen) is a thick, colorless to yellow, oily liquid with a hitter taste that turns brown when exposed to air. It occurs in high concentrations in the leaves of tobacco plants and in lower concentrations in tomatoes, potatoes, eggplants, and green peppers. Nicotine gets its name from the tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum, which, in turn, was named in honor of the French diplomat and scholar Jean Nicot (1530-1600), who introduced the use of tobacco to Paris. Nicotine s correct chemical structure was determined in 1843 by the Belgian chemist and physicist Louise Melsens (1814-1886) and the compound was first synthesized by the research team of A. Pictet and A. Rotschy in 1904. 

The 12 tobacco alkaloids and nicotine metabolites 1-12 were very well separated on a jS-CyD column in liquid chromatography [23], The very close similarity of some of these compounds, the similarity of their basicity, and the similar molecular size throughout the entire set makes the analytical challenge significant. jS- or y-... 

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