Morphine acetate

Subsequent conversion into heroin 2 was first reported in 1874 by Wright in the UK as a result of boiling morphine acetate the process was commercialised by Bayer AG in 1898. The subsequent use and abuse of these compounds is much too complex to discuss here, but one major discovery came in the early 1970s when Pert and Synder reported the identification of opioid receptors in brain tissue.17 This report was followed closely by the identification of endogenous morphine-like substances in 1975 by Kosterlitz and Hughes,18 which over the next few years led to the identification of enkephalins, endorphins and dynorphins—all of which had the common N-terminal sequence of Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-(Met/Leu), leading to the concept that morphine actually mimics this sequence.19... 

Synonyms 7,8-Didehydro-4, 5-epoxy-17- methyl-morphinan-3,6-diol morphine acetate Morphine CHM Morphine sulfate... 

Solution of morphine acetate produces a my ppt. when warmed with ammoniacal silver nitrate solntion and the mtxate tuma red or pink with HNO... 

MORPHINE ACETATE CH,C00H.C H N0,.3H20. Morphine Hydrochloride HCl.Ci7H,jN0,.3H20, Morphine Sulphate HjSO,. (C,7H,9NO,),.sHaO, and Apo Morphine Hydrochloride HCl.C, H NOa. 

Alkaloids are usually basic and combine with acids to form alkaloid salts, a property often exploited to extract them from their source. Other alkaloids occur naturally as salts of organic acids. Common salts include hydrochlorides, salicylates, sulphates, nitrates, acetates, and tartrates such as morphine acetate, cocaine hydrochloride, and strychnine nitrate. Water, alcohol, and ether solutions of alkaloids and their salts are often used to administer or carry the alkaloid, particularly for medicinal purposes. Nicotine preparations can include a variety of liquid and solid mixtures of nicotine (soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, and water), nicotine salts, and many other nicotine compounds (e.g., nicotine sulphate and nicotine tartrate). 

Erythromycin is extracted by an organic solvent such as pentyl acetate. Similarly, steroids, vitamin B12, morphine and codeine are extracted with organic solvents. 

Heroin is often detected by the presence of acetic acid vapors since acetic acid is a normal decomposition product of heroin.t2l In addition, heroin produced in illegal drug laboratories by treating morphine (see Fig. 13.6.2) with acetic anhy-... 

In mammals, phenobarbital and phenytoin increase serum ceruloplasmin concentrations (Aaseth and Norseth 1986). Chronic copper poisoning in sheep is exacerbated when diets contain heliotrope plants (Heliotropium sp., Echium spp., Senecio sp.). Aggravated effects of the heliotrope plants include reduced survival and a twofold to threefold increase in liver and kidney copper concentrations when compared to control animals fed copper without heliotropes (Howell et al. 1991). Rats given acutely toxic doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin had elevated concentrations of copper in liver and kidney because of impaired biliary excretion of copper (Elsenhans et al. 1991). Morphine increases copper concentrations in the central nervous system of rats, and dithiocarbam-ates inhibit biliary excretion (Aaseth and Norseth 1986). In human patients, urinary excretion of copper is increased after treatment with D-penicillamine, calcium disodium EDTA, or calcium trisodium diethylenetriamine penta acetic acid (Flora 1991). 

Heroin Heroin, 3-diacetyl-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphin-7-ene (3.1.21), is synthesized by the simultaneous acetylation of the two hydroxyl groups of morphine with acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride [9,10]. 

Oxycodone The synthesis of oxycodone, 4,5-epoxy-3-methoxy-14-hydroxy-iV-methyl-6-oxomorphinane (3.1.25), from 14-hydroxycodeinone (3.1.24) was described above. It can also be synthesized in other ways for example, by the oxidation of codeine using sodium dichromate in acetic acid [17], and is also a stractural analog of morphine and codeine. 

Figure 8.2 Heroin is a derivative of morphine, it can be manufactured syntheticaiiy by repiacing the two hydroxyi (OH) groups in morphine with two acetate (CH3COO) groups thus, an aiternate name for heroin is diacetyimorphine.

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