New fluoroquinolones

The first members of the new fluoroquinolone class (such as norfloxacin (2a), enoxacin (5), pefloxacin (6), ciprofloxacin (2b) and ofloxacin (7)), are generally somewhat less active versus Gram-positive species than Gram-negative... 

Researc for new fluoroquinolones is still active ten compounds are currently in clinical trials. The current trend for new fluoroquinolones focuses on substitution at position 8 by an electron-donating group (alkoxy or amino), and the presence at position 7 of more and more sophisticated amino groups (Figures 8.16 and 8.18). 

J. M. Blondeau (1999). Expanded activity of new fluoroquinolones. Clin Then 21 3. 

Marbofloxacin is a new fluoroquinolone intended for treatment of bovine respiratory disease by the oral or parenteral route, and for treatment of the mastitis-metritis-agalactia syndrome in pigs by the parenteral route. The proposed dosage rate is 2 mg/kg bw/day for up to 5 days. 

Yoshizumi S, et al. In vivo activity of HSR-903, a new fluoroquinolone, against respiratory pathogens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1998, 42, 785-788. 

Blondeau JM, Missaghi B. Gemifloxacin a new fluoroquinolone. Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2004, 5,... 

Bebear CM, et al. In vitro activity of BAY 12-8039, a new fluoroquinolone against mycoplasmas. Antimicrob. 

Blondeau JM. Expanded activity and utility of the new fluoroquinolones a review. Clin. Then, 1999, 21, 3-40 discussion 1-2. 

Souli M, Wennersten CB, Eliopoulos GM. In vitro activity of BAY 12-8039, a new fluoroquinolone, against species representative of respiratory tract pathogens. Int.J. Antimicrob. Agents, 1998, 10, 23-30. 

Pyrrolidines obtained from trifluorocrotonates have been used to synthesize new fluoroquinolones. Starting from the trifluoromethyl analog of Hagemann s ester, it is possible to prepare a perhydroisoindolone with an angular trifluoromethyl substituent. ... 

The design and s)mthesis of the new oxime-functionalized pyrrolidine derivative of gemifloxacin, which bear an alkyloxime substituent in the 4-position and an aminomethyl substituent in the 3-position of the pyrrolidine ring, was first described in Scheme 4.1 starting from step (a) to step (i) in the scheme. Then, the new pyrrolidine derivative moiety was coupled with a certain quinoline carboxylic acid derivative (7-chloro (or fluoro)-l-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-l,4-dihydro-4-oxo-l,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid) to form the new fluoroquinolone drug, gemifloxacin as described in Scheme 4.1. 

These experiences demonstrate the need to be vigilant about any untoward events associated with large-scale use of new fluoroquinolones. 

Blondeau JM. Gatifloxacin a new fluoroquinolone. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000 9(8) 1877-95. 

Grasela DM. Clinical pharmacology of gatifloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone. Clin Infect Dis 2000 31(Suppl 2) S51-8. 

Lipsky BA, Dorr MB, Magner DJ, Talbot GH. Safety profile of sparfloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Clin Ther 1999 21(l) 148-59. 

Pneumococci resistant to penicillins, certain cephalosporins, and macrolides are increasingly common. These organisms generally are susceptible to vancomycin, the new fluoroquinolones, and cefotaxime or ceftriaxone. M. tuberculosis resistant to one or more first-hue anti-tubercular agents (e.g., isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, streptomycin, and pyrazinamide) have increased in frequency as well. This has been... 

Morimura, T., Nobuhara, Y., and Matsukura, H., 1997b, Photodegradation products of a new fluoroquinolone antibacterial, orbifloxacin, in aqueous solution, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 45, 373-377. 

Several of the new fluoroquinolones have activity against anaerobic bacteria, including garenoxacin and gemifloxacin. The fluoroquinolones are potent bactericidal agents against E. 

FIGURE 3.8 Preparation of an intermediate for synthesis of the new fluoroquinolone antibiotics 12. 

Vincent), Teng R, Dogolo LC, Willavize SA, Friedman HL. Effect of trovafloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic, on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy volunteers. J Antimicrob Chemother (1997) 39 (Suppl B), 81-6. 

This review summarized the chemistry of the new fluoroquinolones and highlights structural modifications of the classical structures. The different methods of synthesis are reviewed for the most important representatives of each critical modification. Synthesis of chiral derivatives are also discussed in relation with the place of the chiral center at N-1 or Cl position. The chemical structures of the most often cited derivatives in the literature up to September 1989 are also given. The future Trends are briefly discussed in relation with in vitro and vivo activity and toxicity. 

This review will summarize the chemistry of the new fluoroquinolones. Norfloxacin, its first representative, was first reported in 1980 by H. Koga [3] and highlights structural modifications of the classical structures which have been reported in the scientific literature. 

Nakagawa, T. Ishigai, M. Hiramatsu, Y. Kinoshita, H. Ishitani, Y. Ohkubo, K. Okazaki, A. Determination of the new fluoroquinolone balofloxacin and its metabolites in biological fluids by high performtmce liquid chromatography, Arzneimittelforschung, 1995, 45, 716-718. 

Kozawa, O. Uematsu, T. Matsuno, H. Niwa, M. Nagashima, S. Kanamaru, M. Comparative study of pharmacokinetics of two new fluoroquinolones, balofloxacin and grepafloxacin, in elderly subjects, Antimicrob.Agents Chemother., 1996, 40, 2824-2828. 

Uematsu, T. Ohsawa, Y. Mizuno, A. Nakashima, M. Analysis of a new fluoroquinolone derivative (Q-35) in human scalp hair as an index of drug exposure and as a time marker in hair, Int.J.Legal Med., 1994,106, 237-243. 

Lee, W. Hong, C.Y. Direct liquid chromatographic enantiomer separation of new fluoroquinolones including gemifloxacin, J.Chromatogr.A, 2000, 879, 113-120. 

Koechlin, C. Jehl, P. Linger, L. Monteil, H. High-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of three new fluoroquinolones, fleroxacin, temafloxacin and A-64730, in biological fluids, J.Chromatogr., 1989, 491, 379-387. 

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