6-Fluoroquinolone

Tetrafluorobenzene. This compouad has beea prepared by fluoriaatioa of hen2ene with cobalt trifluoride and subsequent combination of the dehydrofluoriaation and defluoriaation steps. Its ioni2ation potential is 9.01 V. Nitration gives 2,3,4,5-tetrafluoronitroben2ene [5580-79-0] ia 75% yield, an iatermediate to fluoroquinolone antibacterials (218). 

Flumequine is a representative of fluoroquinolones which are high-effective antimicrobial medicines used as fodder supplements in cattle-breeding. This causes the necessity in effective testing techniques to detenuine the content of flumequine in meat products. Fluorimetric determination based on sensitized luminescence of fluoroquinolone chelates with lanthanides is a promising one. The literature lacks information of flumequine detemiination with the aid of sensitized fluorescence. 

An illustration of a modified Wallach fluorination is the synthesis of 2 4 di chloro-5-fluorotoluene, an intermediate in the preparation of the fluoroquinolone antibacterial ciprofloxacin This was prepared in 69% overall yield by heating W(2,4-dichloro-5-methylphenyl) N, N dimethyltriazene in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride [44] (equation 11)... 

Dihalo-5-fluoroben/oic acids, obtained by oxidation of the corresponding acetophenones, have received considerable attention as intermediates for antibac-tenal fluoroquinolones [3reacts with acetyl chloride to give 2,4,5-trifluoroacetophenone [29] (equation 19) 1,3,5-Tn-fluorobenzene and 1,2-difluorobenzene yield 2,4,6-trifluoroacetophenone and 3,4-difluoroacetophenone, respectively [30] (equations 20 and 21). 

Antimicrobial action peculiarities and pharmacokinetics of novel fluoroquinolones 98MI6. 

Comparative pharmacokinetics of lomefloxacin and other fluoroquinolones 98MI8. 

Pharmacokinetic interaction between fluoroquinolones and other drugs 98MI5. 

Fluoroquinolones in the treatment of pneumonia in elderly patients 99MI34. 

Phenothiazines, benzo-l,2,4-thiadiazine 1,1-oxides, fluoroquinolones, nicotinic acid, and nitrofuran derivative as potentially dangerous photosensitizers 98MI11. 

Human intestinal absorption of 5 (01JPS749) and 6 (01MI30) was predicted by using five Abraham descriptors and CaCo-2 monolayer, respectively. The effect of hydrophobicity and molecular mass on the accumulation of 10 fluoroquinolones, including 5, by Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated (01MI14). 

Spectroscopic properties of 5 were studied (OOMIll). Spectral characteristics of 5 of 0.1 N NaOH solution were investigated by UV spectroscopy (97MI17). Three dimensional fluorescent spectral characteristics of fluoroquinolones, including 5, were studied in varying media (00SA(A)1787). The structure of 8 was confirmed by UV and IR studies (98MI89). 

The Balz-Schiemann reaction continues to attract attention, with much of it generated by the interest in fluoroquinolones, e.g., (7), which is a potential antibacterial. Two approaches to its synthesis are possible—introduction of fluorine prior to or post ring construction. Decomposition of the tetrafluoroborate salt was unsuccessful, whereas the PF6 salt (8) gave only a poor yield (84JMC292). A more successful approach was the introduction of F into the pyridine nucleus prior to formation of the 1,8-naphthyridine ring (84JHC673). A comparison of decomposition media showed that cyclohexane was the best with regard to yield and time. 

A fluorine atom in position 6 of the basic structure of quinolones enhances the antimicrobial activity considerably. All widely used quinolones are fluorinated in position 6 and the term fluoroquinolones is often used to describe these drugs. However, some new quinolones with similar antimicrobial activity are not fluorinated in position 6 (e.g. garenoxacin, PGE9262932) and therefore the term quinolones is more appropriate to describe this group of antimicrobial agents. 

It has been shown that an AAC enzyme variant (AAC (6 )-Ib-cr, cr for ciprofloxacin resistance) found in various Enterobacteriaceae is capable of A-acetylating fluoroquinolones with an unmodified piperazinyl substituent at the amino nitrogen. Although the increase in MIC is low, this plasmid encoded quinolone resistance determinant can augment further development of clinically relevant resistance. 

AAC Aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones Gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria Plasmid, transposon, chromosome... 

AcrAB- TolC Tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, p-lactams except imipenem, novobiocin, erythromycin, fusidic acid, rifampicin E. coli Chromosome... 

The enzymes gyrase and topoisomerase IV can be protected from fluoroquinolone inhibition by a small protein belonging to the pentapeptide-repeat family of... 

Hooper DC(2001) Mechanism of action of antimicrobials focus on fluoroquinolones. Clin Infect Dis 32 (Suppl 1) S9-S15... 

Discuss the uses, general drug action, contraindications, precautions, interactions, and adverse reactions of the fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. 

Discuss preadministration and ongoing assessment activities the nurse should perform on the patient taking the fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. 

List some nursing diagnoses particular to a patient receiving a fluoroquinolone or aminoglycoside. 

Discuss ways to promote an optimal response to therapy, how to manage adverse reactions, and important points to keep in mind when educating patients about the use of a fluoroquinolone or aminoglycoside. 

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