Neutral fatty matter

It results from the double experiment, which has just been described, that soaps are as capable as alkalies of decomposing fatty bodies into glycerine and fatty acids it will thxis be understood why I have given to this note the apparently paradoxical title, Sapon cUion of Neutral Fatty Matters hy Soaps. 

Most raw materials and many formulated products can be analysed without isolation of the surfactants. For some purposes, however, e.g. determination of molecular weight by titration, the surfactant must be isolated in a pure form. Liquid-solid extraction is useful for this purpose. It is also sometimes desirable to extract fatty acids, neutral fatty matter and/or weak fatty bases, either to determine them or to prevent interference with some other determination. Liquid-liquid extraction is appropriate for this. A special case is the analysis of structured bleaches, which may contain surfactants in strong hypochlorite. The bleach makes most analytical processes for the surfactants difficult or impossible, and the procedure given below is a useful first step. 

Extraction of neutral fatty matter (NFM). This is a procedure that is often used for extraction of unsulphated fatty alcohol or unsulphonated... 

Neutral oil or neutral fatty matter is the nonionic fraction of an anionic surfactant. It is the fraction obtained by extraction under such conditions that the anionic itself is not extracted. It contains the unsulphated alcohol or unsulphonated hydrocarbon or other starting material, together with sultones, sulphones and possibly other trace constituents. This is an abbreviated version of the procedure given in section 3.1.2. The sample size may be varied. Other variations include the use of different volumes... 

Fatty Matter.—10 grams of the powdered chocolate are placed in a filter-paper thimble and extracted with light petroleum ether or neutral carbon tetrachloride (the latter, however, dissolves also the caffeine). 

Kottula s Soaps.—K. departure from the ordinary system of Boap-raaking was introduced by Dr. Hottnla about twenty five years ago, and at the time attracted much attention. In conducting his process, Kottula adds to ordinary curd, mottled, yellow, or other soaps, made in the ordinary way, fatty matters, lime liquor, concentrated soda leys and alum, with the object of producing a cheaper neutral soap than he believes was hitherto produced. The fatty matters he employs are such as are commonly used by soap-makers. He first boils soda leys until they have acquired the strength of about 30 B., and then adds to them alum, in the proportion of about lbs. to each owt. of ley. He then prepares a lime liquor by adding to any requisite quantity of water as much lime as it will absorb or take up, and to this lime solution he adds sal ammoniac in the proportion of about half a pound to each owt. of the solution. Sometimes he omits the sal ammoniac. 

The lime liquor is prepared as before, with the addition of to lb. of sal ammoniac, the whole being boiled for half an hour. After resting until quite clear, ten tons of fatty matter, with or without resin, and nine tons of the leys as above prepared (or smaller quantities in the same proportions), are said to produce a superior compact neutral soap, which may he coloured, mottled, or perfumed in the ordinary manner. The rationale of this Tocess is not apparent. If sal ammoniac is boiled with ime-water, it is quickly decomposed. The addition of alum to soda leys effects merely the formation of sulphate of soda and of alnminate of soda, which, if needed, can l>e procured more cheaply (see page 229). 

In the new reactions of which we speak it will be understood that water, at a temperature of from 311° and 329° F., decomposes a neutral soap into on acid soap and very basic soap, and that the latter acts in a secondary manner on a fresh quantity of fatty matter in the same manner that a free alkali would do. The observations of. Chevreul, relative to the action of water on soaps, accord with this explanation. 

Neutralization Fatty acids, phospholipids, pigments, trace metals, sulfur, insoluble matter... 

I. Application of Heat or Electricity.—Up to temperatures of 150° 0. the effect of water on oils and fats is very slight, but by passing superheated steam through fatty matter heated to 200°-300° C. the neutral glycerides are completely decomposed into glycerol and fatty acids according to the equation—... 

The amount of residual sulfonate ester remaining after hydrolysis can be determined by a procedure proposed by Martinsson and Nilsson [129], similar to that used to determine total residual saponifiables in neutral oils. Neutrals, including alkanes, alkenes, secondary alcohols, and sultones, as well as the sulfonate esters in the AOS, are isolated by extraction from an aqueous alcoholic solution with petroleum ether. The sulfonate esters are separated from the sultones by chromatography on a silica gel column. Each eluent fraction is subjected to saponification and measured as active matter by MBAS determination measuring the extinction of the trichloromethane solution at 642 nra. (a) Sultones. Connor et al. [130] first reported, in 1975, a very small amount of skin sensitizer, l-unsaturated-l,3-sultone, and 2-chloroalkane-l,3-sultone in the anionic surfactant produced by the sulfation of ethoxylated fatty alcohol. These compounds can also be found in some AOS products consequently, methods of detection are essential. 

Uses of Soap.—Soap is applied for washing, for fulling weellcn cloths, et cetera, and in medicine. Ils application for washing is founded on two conditions, namely, on its power to remove fatly matters from textile and other materials, and to form therewith an emulsive mass soluble in soapy water and on the readiness with which the neutral salts of fatty acids are decomposed by worm, water into aoid componnds and free alkali, The latter acts upun tho impurities of substances, and forms with them compounds partly soluble, and partly such as will no longer adhere to toxtUo fabrics and other bodies, whilst the separated acid salts of the fatty aoids keep the surface of the material in a smooth condition. 

Ajowan seed contains generally 8.9% moisture, 15.4% protein, 18.1% fat (ether extract), 11.9% crude fibre, 38.6% carbohydrates, 7.1% mineral matter, 1.42% calcium, 0.30% phosphorus and 14.6mg/100g iron, with a calorific value of 379.4 per 100g. The percentage of seed oil extracted with n-hex-ane is 31.80%, while that with ethanol is 28%. The neutral lipid component of the oil includes hydrocarbons, esters, sterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, diglycerides, sterols and monoglycerides, whereas the polar lipid components are phosphatidyl ethanolamines and phosphatidyl cholines (Qasim and Khan, 2001). 

By-products. Chemical Refining. The neutralization of free fatty acid in the crude pahn oil with caustic soda results in the formation of soapstock, which is treated with dilute sulfuric acid of pH 2.0-3.5 at 110-130°C for 30 min. A by-product called palm acid oil is then separated from the aqueous phase by centrifugation followed by hot-water washing. It consists mainly of free fatty acids, neutral oil, and partial glycerides. A small amount of unsaponifiable matter is also present. Characteristics and properties of palm acid oil (derived from chemical refining of crude pahn oil, stearin, and olein) are given in Table 35 (55). 

Oil recovered by solvent extraction or mechanical pressing is termed crude soybean oil and contains various classes of lipids. It consists primarily of neutral lipids, which include tri-, di- and monoacylglycerols, free fatty acids, and polar lipids such as phospholipids. It also contains a minor amount of unsaponifiable matter that includes phytosterols, tocopherols, and hydrocarbons such as squalene. Trace metals are found in soybean oil in ppm concentration. When the oil is refined, concentrations of all minor constituents are reduced. The typical composition of crude and refined soybean oil is shown in Table 2.2. 

In addition to resin acids, rosin contains neutral materials and oxidized impurities. Tall oil rosin contains about 1-5% fatty acid and small amounts of sulfur compounds and phenolics. In tall oil pitch, which is the bottom fraction in the tall oil distillation process, besides residual amounts of rosin and fatty acids, a substantial amount of unsaponifiable matters has been identified and recovered as B-sitosterol (30). Gum rosin contains large amounts of neutrals that contribute to the typical odor and reduce its tendency to crystallize. The amount of neutral materials present in a rosin largely depends upon the location where the raw material originates and its processing conditions. 

The data (1 to 9% extracted hair lipid) represent total matter extracted from hair clippings of individual men and women. Although the conditions for extraction can influence the amount of matter extracted from hair [138], the values here represent approximate maxima and serve to indicate the variation in the amount of extractable material from hair among individuals. Presumably, the principal material in these extracts is derived from sebum and consists primarily of free fatty acids and neutral fat (esters, waxes, hydrocarbons, and alcohols). Gloor [137] classifies the different components of sebum into six convenient groups free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG), free cholesterol (C), cholesterol and wax esters (C WE), paraffins (P), and squalene (S). 

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