GABAergic neurons control

Parvalbumin (Fig 1) is a cytosolic protein expressed in fast-twitch skeletal muscles and in the nervous system. In muscles, parvalbumin controls the relaxation process. In the CNS, parvalbumin, expressed in a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons, is correlated with their firing rates, protecting the cells from Ca2+ overload. 

Extrahypothalamic OX-B-like immunoreactivity, reminiscent to that of CRF, has been described in clustered GABAergic neuronal populations, in the lateral division of central nucleus ofthe amygdala, the bednucleus of the stria terminalis, and in the hippocampus. Moreover, ectopic expression of preproorexin mRNA in the gut, ependymal cells, neuroblastomas, and of orexin receptors in adrenal gland, cancer and hematopietic stem cells suggests yet unexplored roles of orexins as paracrine factors controlling blood-brain barrier, and tumor or stem cell function. 

Eriksson, K. S., Sergeeva, O. A., Selbach, O. 8r Haas, H. L. (2004). Orexin (hypocretin)/ dynorphin neurons control GABAergic inputs to tuberomammillary neurons. Bur. ]. Neurosci. 19, 1278-84. 

To provide an insight into the pathways involved in HD neurodegeneration, gene expression studies of the striatum were performed on the mouse model of HD, R6/2, which expresses exon 1 of the HD gene with 140 150 CAG repeats under control of the HD promoter [70], Eighty percent of cells in the mouse striatum were estimated to consist of medium spiny GABAergic neurons. Decreased neurotransmitter receptor gene expression was identified... 

The inhibitory spiny GABAergic neurons send projections by two major pathways whose net effect appears to exert balanced regulatory influences on the ascending thalamo- cortical circuits that mediate control of voluntary movement through the descending corticospinal projections to the spinal ventral-horn motoneurons that innervate skeletal muscles. A widely accepted, but tentative model of the basic anatomical connections of this complex is summarized schematically in Fig. 12.1(12,15,17-20). 

Ray et al. (2005) Three autistic adults (diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria), three controls Autistic subjects have decreased levels of al and f 2 immunoreactive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PV) and nucleus reunions. There was no difference in the co-expression of al and glutamic acid decarboxylase in the PV between autistic and control subjects, suggesting that the loss of al subunits in autism is not due to a loss of GABAergic neurons... 

Goutagny, R., Luppi, P. FL, Salvert, D Gervasoni, D. Fort, P. (2005c). GABAergic control of hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone-containing neurons across the sleep-waking cycle. Neuroreport 16, 1069-73. 

Xi, M. C., Morales, F. R. Chase, M. H. (2004). Interactions between GABAergic and chohnergic processes in the nucleus pontis oralis neuronal mechanisms controlling active (rapid eye movement) sleep and wakefulness. J. Neurosci. 24, 10670-8. 

Stevens, D. R., Kuramasu, A. Haas, H. L. (1999). GABAB-receptor-mediated control of GABAergic inhibition in rat histaminergic neurons in vitro. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 1148-54. 

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