Neurological diseases stroke

The authors would like to thank Gregorio Gavier for help on figure design. Preparation of this chapter was supported in part by grants from the National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke to STB. 

The cause of Alzheimer s disease is unknown, but genetic factors clearly play a role. One clue supporting this view is provided by the observation that individuals with Down syndrome, a common cause of mental retardation, frequently develop a dementia similar to Alzheimer s disease during early adulthood. Vascular dementia, which is also called multi-infarct dementia, results from the accumulation of tiny strokes. Individually, these strokes or infarcts are too small to cause any noticeable problem, but as they accumulate, they produce deficits similar to Alzheimer s disease. Other neurological diseases such as Parkinson s disease, Pick s disease, and Huntington s disease cause slow deterioration of the brain that ultimately leads to a degenerative dementia. 

Cellular therapy is the replacement of unhealthy or damaged cells or tissues with new ones. Because neurodegenerative diseases, cerebral strokes and traumatic injuries to the CNS produce neurological deficits that result from neuronal loss, cell therapy is a major area of investigation for the treatment of neurological diseases and injuries. 

E. Freese2-3 (president, ex officio) 44 National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke Chief, Lab. of Molecular Biology Biology Molecular mechanisms of mutation... 

Brazis PW, Masdeu JC, Biller J (1990) Localization in clinical neurology, 3rd edn. Little Brown, Boston Bruno A, Graff-Radford NR, Biller J et al (1989) Anterior choroidal artery territory infarction a small vessel disease. Stroke 20 616-619... 

Ascorbic acid has been implicated in many neurological diseases. There is a strong inverse relation between serum vitamin C concentration and stroke incidence... 

The authors acknowledge the Middle Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research (NIH NIAID - U54 AI057168), the National Institute of Neurological Disorders Stroke (NIH NS055187) and the Institute of Fluorescence, UMBI, for financial support. 

Diffusion is altered in other types of brain lesions and is not specific for stroke (Wang et al., 1998). The range and types of diffusion alterations are an area of active research. Combination of DWI, Tj, T, MT and perfusion may serve to more precisely characterize lesions from neurological diseases (Dijkhuizen and Nicolay, 2003). 

National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA... 

Our work on the Na channel genes has been supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM24872), the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NS34509), the March of Dimes, and the American Epilepsy Foundation with support from UCB Pharma, Inc. 

Neurology Field concerning the nervous system, especially the brain, peripheral nerves, and spinal cord. Studies in this field include Alzheimer s disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), carpal tunnel syndrome, Huntington s disease, dementia, memory loss, migraine headaches, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson s disease, strokes, Tourette s syndrome, and others. 

Cerebrovascular disease is a consequence of hypertension. A neurologic assessment can detect either gross neurologic deficits or a slight hemiparesis with some incoordination and hyperreflexia that are indicative of cerebrovascular disease. Stroke can result from lacunar infarcts caused by thrombotic occlusion of small vessels or intracerebral hemorrhage resulting from ruptured microaneurysms. Transient ischemic attacks secondary to atherosclerotic disease in the carotid arteries are common in hypertensive individuals. 

Most patients with overactive bladder and UUI have no identifiable underlying etiology. In fact, the most common cause of bladder overactivity and UUI is idiopathic. Clearly identifiable risk factors for UUI include normal aging, neurologic disease (including stroke, Parkinson s disease, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury), and bladder outlet obstruction (e.g., due to benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH] or prostate cancer). 

Another interesting effect of tacrolimus is its ability to induce neurite outgrowth in vitro [42] and nerve regeneration in vivo [90]. Because this effect is shown by rapamycin as well, which does not inhibit calcineurin, participation of FKBP, but not calcineurin, seems to be important in the neiuotrophic action of tacrolimus. A beneficial role for tacrolimus in a variety of neurological diseases in addition to stroke such as diabetic neuropathy, spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer s disease, and Parkinson s disease have been suggested [43]. 

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